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Phase I: ALS > Block 9 > Flashcards

Block 9 Flashcards

1
Q

acute

A

recent
rapid onset
likely short duration

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2
Q

chronic

A

persistent

longstanding

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3
Q

risk factor

A

confers increased risk of disease development

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4
Q

predisposition

A

increased susceptibility to developing disease

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5
Q

pathogenesis

A

the mechanism resulting in clinical disease

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6
Q

premalignant

A

something that will probably transform into invasive malignancy

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7
Q

aetiology

A

the cause of the disease

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8
Q

disease

A

consequences of failed homeostasis

has potential to impair function

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9
Q

disease mechanism

A

the way in which homeostasis is disturbed

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10
Q

primary disease

A

arises spontaneously

not associated with or caused by previous disease or injury

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11
Q

secondary disease

A

follows and result from an earlier disease, injury or event

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12
Q

benign tumour

A

uncontrolled focal proliferation of well differentiated cells

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13
Q

malignant tumour

A

cancerous
invasive
has metastatic potential

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14
Q

types of necrosis

A
  • coagulative
  • colliquative / liquéfaction
  • caseating
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15
Q

types of nuclear morphology

A
  • pyknosis
  • karyolysis
  • karyorrhexis
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16
Q

karyhorrhexis

A

the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm

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17
Q

pyknosis

A

the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis (followed by karyorrhexis)

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18
Q

karyolysis

A

dissolution of cell nucleus, particularly during mitosis

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19
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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20
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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21
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size and number of cells

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22
Q

metaplasia

A

conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another tissue type

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23
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture

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24
Q

transdifferentiation

A

one cell type converting into another

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25
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

drives fluid out of blood vessels and into other tissues (under physiological conditions)

26
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

a function of protein concentration

pulls fluid back into blood vessels from tissues (under physiological conditions)

27
Q

oedema

A

abnormal increase of fluid in interstitial tissue space

28
Q

causes of oedema

A
  • increased hydrostatic pressure
  • decreased colloid osmotic pressure
  • lymphatic obstruction
  • sodium retention
  • inflammation
29
Q

haemorrhage

A

extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture

30
Q

arterial thrombus

A

platelet-rich mass formed within arterial system

31
Q

venous thrombus

A

fibrin- and erythrocyte-rich mass formed within venous system

32
Q

embolism

A

solid, liquid or gaseous mass carried in the blood to a site distant from the point of origin

33
Q

hyperaemia

A

an adaptive process involving an increase in blood volume in the microvasculature of a specific tissue in response to a change in the environment

34
Q

congestion

A
  • a maladaptive process involving an increase in blood volume in the microvasculature of a specific tissue due to impaired venous return from the area
  • can be due to physical obstruction or physical insufficiency
35
Q

shock

A

systemic hypoperfusion resulting in hypotension, cellular dysoxia, increased anaerobic respiration and lactic acidosis

36
Q

types of shock

A
  • cardiogenic
  • hypovolaemic
  • distributive / vasodilatory
  • obstructive
37
Q

types of distributive / vasodilatory shock

A
  • anaphylactic
  • neurogenic
  • septic
38
Q

liquid-filled dermal lesions

A
  • blister
  • vesicle
  • bulla
  • pustule
39
Q

solid dermal lesions

A
  • papule
  • plaque
  • nodule
  • wheal
40
Q

dermal lesions of altered colour

A
  • macule
  • patch
  • naevus
  • erythema
41
Q

dermal scaling

A

shedding of cornfield layer

sometimes due to imbalance between production and loss

42
Q

dermal callus

A

hyperplasia of epidermis following pressure or friction

43
Q

dermal erosion

A

loss of superficial epidermis

44
Q

dermal ulcer

A

loss of epidermis and papillary dermis

45
Q

bruising

A

extravasation of blood into dermis

46
Q

process of wound healing

A

haemostasis > inflammation > fibroplasia > epithelialisation > remodelling

47
Q

virus

A

obligate intracellular parasite

48
Q

nucleocapsid

A

viral genome contained in a protein capsule

49
Q

virion

A

infective viral particle

50
Q

naked enveloped viruses

A
  • e.g. rotavirus, norovirus
  • stable in face of environment stress
  • kills host cell to spread so spreads easily
  • generally survives the gut
51
Q

enveloped viruses

A
  • e.g. HIV, ebola, influenza
  • must stay wet to remain infectious
  • very sensitive to detergent because the envelope is a membrane
  • can spread via budding instead of host cell lysis
52
Q

types of viral proteins

A
  • proteins to make progeny
  • enzymes for genome replication
  • proteins to interfere with host immune defences
53
Q

on which characteristics are viruses classified?

A
  • type of nucleic acid in genome
  • polarity of genome
  • replication method
54
Q

stages of the infectious viral cycle

A
  • attachment
  • penetration
  • uncoating
  • replication
  • assembly
  • release
55
Q

why are viral infections prevalent, persistent and problematic?

A
  • few effective drugs due to resistance and innovation problems
  • high mutagenic rates
  • public health issues e.g. sanitation, decreasing vaccine uptake
  • latent and persistent infections
  • non-human carriers
56
Q

influenza

A
  • enveloped
  • spiked
  • ssRNA(-)
  • aerosol droplet transmission
57
Q

norovirus

A
  • naked
  • ssRNA(-)
  • enteric transmission
58
Q

hepatitis C

A
  • enveloped
  • ssRNA(+)
  • percutaneous transmission (small chance of mucosal and perinatal)
  • linked to HCC
59
Q

HIV

A
  • enveloped
  • ssRNA(+) retrovirus
  • percutaneous, mucosal and perinatal transmission
60
Q

EBV

A
  • type 4 HHV
  • enveloped
  • dsDNA
  • associated with Hodgkins lymphoma and Burkitts lymphoma
  • salivary transmission
61
Q

methods of viral transmission

A
  • respiratory: aerosol droplet, saliva
  • enteric
  • contact: mucosal, cutaneous
  • percutaneous: blood-borne, arboviruses
  • mother to child: congenital, perinatal
  • zoonoses: ingestion, bites

Phase I: ALS (3 decks)

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