Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 1 RUSVM > Block 8 > Flashcards

Block 8 Flashcards

1
Q

PIGMENTS & TISSUE DEPOSITS

what 2 things can cause neoplasia?

A

Germline Mutations
Acquired Somatic Mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Germline Mutations:

how is it passed? example
is it predisposed? example

A

Germline Mutations:
Passed through sperm/ova
Ex. Pediatric cancer
Familial Predispositions
Ex. Bernese Mountain Dogs - Histiocytic Sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acquired Somatic Mutations:
how is it acquired?
who gets it?

A

Acquired Somatic Mutations:
* Not passed in germline, occurs in individual cells and their
progeny (descendents)
* Accumulate over time
* Seen in geriatric patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How Can DNA be altered?
name 3

A

How Can DNA be altered?
* Spontaneous
* Ionized Radiation: UV, Gamma and X-rays
* Oncogenic viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RADIATION

UV radiation forms what?
what happens to the DNA?
who gets it? where? why?

A

UV radiation forms pyrimidine dimers in
DNA
-** overwhelms DNA** repair mechanisms. Ionizing Radiation breaks DNA strands ex. X-rays
Microwaves are NON ionizing radiations.
** Seen commonly in cats and cows - eyes and ears
- not a lot of melanin to protect DNA
ex. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

wht is this?

A

MDx: Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Etiology: UV Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is this?

A

MDx: Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Etiology: UV Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
Name 2

A

Urothelial Carcinoma (TCC)
Hepatic Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urothelial Carcinoma (TCC)
chronic….what?
contains…. what?
example?

A

Chronic bracken fern ingestion
Contains ptaquiloside (a carcinogen)
“Bovine enzootic hematuria”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

what is this?

A

Urothelial Carcinoma (TCC)
Chronic bracken fern ingestion
Contains ptaquiloside (a carcinogen)
“Bovine enzootic hematuria”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

What is Hepatic Carcinoma
example?

A

Ingestion of Aflatoxin
- found in moldy food
- diotoxins, nirosamines, polycystice aromatic hydrocarbons (cigarettte smoke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
Name 3 Mechanisms

A

-Genotoxic- directly damages DNA
-Cytotoxic-increased cell proliferation foe to cell injury
-mitogenic-increased cell proliteration w/o cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ONCOGENIC VIRUSES

who gets them?
examples?
what do they “have” and what does it cause?

A

Seen frequently in younger animals

FeLV, BoLV- leukemias and lymphomas (retroviruses)

Have their own oncogenes
- Cause uncontrolled proliferation and can insert mutations into the genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is this?

A

Papillomaviruses: papillomas and carcinomas

MDx: Esophageal Fibropapilloma
Etiology: Bovine Papillomavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is this?

A

Marek’s Disease: herpesvirus
- leads to many lymphoproliferative diseases
- MDx: Lymphoma
Etiology: Herpesvirus (Marek’s Dz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

is it bacterial or parasitic?
what can it cause? why?

A

either

Can lead to carcinogenesis
- believed that inflammatory cytokines stimulate cell
proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is this?

A

Spirocerca lupi - Esophageal Sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is this?

A

Helicobacter spp. - Gastric carcinoma and lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

what is Biliary carcinoma?

A

Liver flukes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

Why does spaying decreast the risk of cancers?

A

B/C Hormones can also cause neoplasia (prolonged and increased numbers)

21
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF NEOPLASIA

A

Direct Damage on tissue or organ

22
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF NEOPLASIA

What is Paraneoplastic syndrome?

Is it direct or indirect?
at what point does it indicate neoplasia?
what effect on the body?

A

Paraneoplastic Syndrome:
- Indirect!
-Often the first CS of neoplasia
-Generalized effect on the body Ǖ not due to metastasis
Ex. Endocrine organ tumors

23
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF NEOPLASIA

What is Hyperadrenocorticism Multiple Melanoma?

A

cushing’s Dz
Petuitary Adenoma

24
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF NEOPLASIA

What is wrong with this dog?

A

Cachexia: loss of fat and muscle w/o decrease in metabolic rate
- Increasing caloric intake has no effect

25
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF NEOPLASIA

What is this?

A

Cerebral Atrophy - SECONDARY to
oligodendroglioma

26
Q

Tumor necrosis

  • Pathogenesis ?
  • Secondary?
    why is this relevant?
A
  • Pathogenesis
    – Secondary to inflammation in the tumor
    – Trauma of the tumor
    – Tumor ‘outgrows’ its blood supply
  • Secondary inflammatory response and
    liberation of cytokines (ex: TNF-α) may impact
    the host’s health
  • Have to take this in to consideration when
    sampling a tumor for diagnosis
27
Q

HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY

what is it?

A

Periosteal new bone growth: deposited bone on the
bone!
- Bones appear thicker on radiographs

28
Q

HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY
Why is this important?

A

Seen frequently in dogs and cats** with space occupying thoracic lesions**
Ex. Spirocerca lupi - mass in esophagus
Seen with endocrinopathies
-ex. Hypercalcemia of malignancy

29
Q

HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY

90% of cases in the dogs are due to what?

A

apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac

30
Q

HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY

2 main mechanisms by which cancer can lead to hypercalcemia?

A

1-local action on bone as may (multiple myeloma or carcinomas) that metastasize to bone
2-tumors that secrete humoral factors that stimulate bone resorption (PTHrP)

31
Q

How are these two lesions related in this dog:

A. Hypergastrinemia
B. Hyperhistaminosis
C. Hyperviscosity syndrome
D. These are unrelated
(coincidental) lesions

A

b

32
Q

what are these disgusting pictures?

A

excessive histomine=acidity
leads to digested blood

33
Q

This is an example of :

A. Cancer cachexia
B. Ectopic hormone production
C. Paraneoplastic syndrome
D. Nodular dermatofibrosis

A

c

34
Q

DIAGNOSIS - CYTOLOGY

name 4 advantages

A

1Quick and cheap - fine needle aspirate (FNA)
2Less invasive than histology
3Can determine benign v. malignant
4 Can see epithelial cell, mesenchymal cell or round cell tumor

35
Q

DIAGNOSIS - CYTOLOGY

what is this?

A

epithelial cells

36
Q

DIAGNOSIS - CYTOLOGY

what is this?

A

Round cells

*aggressice b/c many cells different size multi nucleaus

37
Q

DIAGNOSIS - CYTOLOGY

ROUND CELL TUMORS:
name the 5 characteristics (please help me learn this)

A

Plasma Cell
Histiocytoma
Mast Cell
Lymphoma
Transmissible venereal (TVT)
*spread beyond the original host via physical transplantation following direct physical contact between animals of the same species
*Tasmanian devils have a transmissable face tumor

  • mouth and face
  • fighting/facial biting

Severe viral induced tumors (papilloma)-multiple species

38
Q

Cytology results: ‘few reactive spindle cells’,
inconclusive. What is the next best step?
A. Exise and monitor and biopsy
B. Culture for infectious organisms
C. Histological examination of a biopsy
D. Stage for metastasis

A

a
Incisional vs excisional?

Anything special you would
do before sending to lab?

39
Q

DIAGNOSIS - MARGIN ASSESSMENT

what do you use?
Margins can be clean or dirty based on what?
what is an important indication of prognosis?
Do clean margins guarantee complete excision?

A

Use surgical Ink

based on absence or presence of
tumor cells

Completeness of excision is an
important indication of prognosis

Remember: clean margins do NOT
guarantee complete excision

40
Q

DIAGNOSIS - HISTOPATHOLOGY

what does it do?

A

Helps examine cell morphology and criteria of malignancy

41
Q

DIAGNOSIS - HISTOPATHOLOGY

what are features of anaplasia?

A
  • features of anaplasia, degree of differentiation, invasion, mitotic rate
42
Q

DIAGNOSIS - HISTOPATHOLOGY
What is the difference between incisional biopsy and excisional biopsy?

which is most common?
which requires you remove the tumor no matter what?

A

Incisional Biopsy: diagnosis might affect surgical removal plan
Excisional Biopsy: diagnosis will NOT affect surgical removal plan
Removing the tumor… no matter what!
- Most common

43
Q

DIAGNOSIS - HISTOPATHOLOGY

Name 2
example?

A

SPECIAL STAINS:
Mast Cell Tumors: Toluidine Blue
Amelanotic Melanoma: Fontana Masson’s

44
Q

DIAGNOSIS - IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

what do you use? what does it detect?

why do you do it? when do you use it?

A

Uses dye-labelled antibodies to detect proteins expressed by neoplasm

Helps improve accuracy of diagnosis
- used in poorly differentiated neoplasms

45
Q

DIAGNOSIS - IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

SPECIAL STAINS:

Name 2
examples

A

SPECIAL STAINS:
Sarcomas: Vimentin and Desmin
Carcinomas: Cytokeratin

46
Q

DIAGNOSIS - IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

What is a sentinel lymph node? Can there be more than one?

A

_ the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor.
there can be more than one.

47
Q

DIAGNOSIS - IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

what is this?

A

Canine Lymphoma

  • immunohistochemically positive for CD3
    (brown color), indicating a T lymphocyte
    neoplasm.
48
Q

PROGNOSIS AND CLINICAL STAGING

Tumors can be staged or graded

what is grading?
what is staging?

A

Grading:
Describing the cells and morphology under a microscope
- usually requires a block of tissue
-Are they normal? Abnormal?

Staging:
Gives an indication of the extent of tumor growth and spread
- Used as a prognostic factor
- Size of tumor, depth of invasion, regional lymph node
involvement, extent of metastasis

Pathology 1 RUSVM (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions