Block 6 Flashcards by catherine perea

EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
cells decrease in size or number

Atrophy

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EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
increase in cell size (not dividing)
- cells can increase size of organelles and
cytoplasm

Hypertrophy

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EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
increase in cell number (dividing)

Hyperplasia

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EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is
change in phenotype
- Ex. Cuboidal cells change to squamous cells

Metaplasia

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EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
disorganized and abnormal cell
growth
- Commonly associated with neoplasia

Dysplasia

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EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
disorganized and abnormal cell
growth
- Commonly associated with neoplasia

Dysplasia

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INTRO TO NEOPLASIA

What is a neoplasm?

Pathological Process: Disorders of growth
“new growth” irreversible and unregulated proliferation of cells

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What type of neoplasms are there?
2 what are they

Benign Neoplasms: “oma”
ex. Lipoma
*indolent
Malignant Neoplasms:
*aggressive
- Sarcoma: mesenchymal cell origin
- Carcinoma: epithelial cell origin

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Oncology is?
Tumor is?
Cancer is?

Oncology - study of neoplasia
Tumor - “swelling”
Cancer - malignant

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Neoplasia
vs.
neoplasm

Neoplasia (nee-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the
uncontrolled, abnormal growth of
cells or tissues in the body, and the
abnormal growth itself is called a
neoplasm (nee-oh-PLAZ-m) or tumor.
It can be benign (bee-NINE) or
malignant.

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what are:
Benign sounding designations attributed to malignant neoplasms:

Lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, seminoma.

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Hamartoma ?

disorganized but benign masses composes of cells indigenous to the
involved tissue (many involve blood vessels); has mutations; now considered
neoplasm.

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Choristoma ?

a heterotopic rest of cells (e.g. normal adrenal gland tissue on the
surface of the liver). Example: dermoid.

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COMPONENTS OF A NEOPLASM

2 Main Parts:
what are they?

Parenchyma - neoplastic cells
Stroma - connective tissue and vasculature

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COMPONENTS OF A NEOPLASM

Parenchyma
how do they replicate?
are tehy epithelial
are they mesenchymal?

Parenchyma - neoplastic cells
- these cells are able to replicate without control or regulation
Can be epithelial - most organs, glands, mucosal and the
epidermis
Can be mesenchymal - connective tissue, endothelial
cells, muscle, bone marrow and blood

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COMPONENTS OF A NEOPLASM

Stroma
how are they produced?
are they neoplastic?

Stroma Ǖ connective tissue and vasculature
Produced by neoplastic cell signaling
NOT neoplastic but works for the neoplastic cells

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EPITHELIAL V. MESENCHYMAL CELLS

what are these?

Mesenchymal Cells

** spindle shaped** and will be separated
by lots of intracellular matrix (ICM)

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EPITHELIAL V. MESENCHYMAL CELLS

what are these?

Epithelial Cells

**tightly packed **squamous, cuboidal
or columnar cells, not a lot of ICM

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NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
fribroblasts
prefix?

fibro

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NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
vascular endothelium
prefix?

hemongio

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NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
glandular epithelial cells
prefix?

adeno

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NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
osteoblasts
prefix?

osteo

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
keratinocytes/keratinizing squamous cells
prefix?

in benign=papilloma
if malignant=squmous cell carcinoma

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
lymphocytes
prefix?

lympho (lymphoma=lymphasarcoma)

NAMING NEOPLASMS Tissue of Origin: >1 cell lineage prefix?

teratoma (always benign)

NAMING NEOPLASMS Tissue of Origin: melanocytes prefix?

if benign=melanocytoma if malignant= (malignant) melanoma

NAMING NEOPLASMS Tissue of Origin: plasma cells prefix?

multiple myeloma (malignant)

NAMING NEOPLASMS Tissue of Origin: bone marrow prefix?

leukemia

NAMING NEOPLASMS Tissue of Origin: histiocytic cells prefix?

if benign=histiocytoma if malignant=histiocytic sarcoma

NAMING NEOPLASMS Tissue of Origin: lipocytes prefix?

if benign=lipoma if malignang=liposarcoma

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant? name 4

Differentiation Growth Rate Invasion Metastasis

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant? Differentiation Well Differentiated: ? Poorly Differentiated:?

Differentiation Well Differentiated: cells resemble the tissue of origin - **benign** Poorly Differentiated: cells look abnormal -**malignant**

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant? Growth Rate Benign: ? Malignant: ?

Growth Rate Benign: slow, progressive, normal mitotic figures Malignant: slow to rapid, erratic, abnormal mitotic figures

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant? Invasion: Benign: ? Malignant: ?

Invasion: Benign: no invasion, capsule often present Malignant: local invasion, usually no capsule present

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant? Metastasis: Benign: ? Malignant: ?

Metastasis: Benign: None Malignant: Frequent

what is this?

Mammary Adenoma

what is this

Mammary Adenocarcinoma

what is this?

Cutaneous Lipoma

what is this?

Cutaneous Liposarcoma

adenoma, papilloma, and polyp are what?

benign epithelial tumors

“polyp” and “papilloma” are these the same or diferent?

sometimes used interchangeably

a tumor arising from glandular epithelium (e.g. sebaceous gland) or a tumor derived from nonglandular epithelial tissue that exhibits a tubular pattern microscopically is called?

“Adenoma”

refers to a benign, usually exophytic (“growing outward”), growth arising from a cutaneous or mucocutaneous surface.

“Papilloma”

is a grossly visible, benign epithelial tumor projecting from a mucosal surface (e.g. small intestine).

“Polyp”

loss of cellular differentiation +reversion to more primative cellular morphologic features; often indicates irreversible progression to neoplasia. Often hard to identify histologically. is?

anaplasia *the loss of mature and specialized features of the cell

# Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm! variation in the size of the cell nucleus is?

Anisokaryosis

# Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm! variation in the overall size of the cells is?

Anisocytosis

# Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm! cells are variable in appearance is

Pleomorphic

# Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm! nucleus is notably darker is?

Nuclear Hyperchromasia

karyolysis is? Pyknosis is? karyorhexis is?

nucleus fading nucleus shrinks nuclear fragmentation

High nucleus to cytoplasm ration Multiple nucleoli Abnormal mitotic figures refers to?

Anaplasia (I think?)

Enlarged organ -frequently in lymphoma Mass lesion Unique **Shapes:** polypoid, papillary nodular, cystic, pedunculated, **umbilicated **(rapid growth) Changes in** color** - frequently in melanoma Demarcation these are all gross features of what?

GROSS FEATURES OF NEOPLASIA

csirrhous response carcinoma

multiple nodules or bands or abundant fibrous connective tissue

Neoplasia is a result of an abnormality involving: A. Cellular respiration B. Membrane instability C. Organelle growth D. The cell cycle

IDK it doesn't say

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Block 6 Flashcards

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