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Pathology 1 RUSVM > Block 6 > Flashcards

Block 6 Flashcards

1
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
cells decrease in size or number

A

Atrophy

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2
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
increase in cell size (not dividing)
- cells can increase size of organelles and
cytoplasm

A

Hypertrophy

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3
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
increase in cell number (dividing)

A

Hyperplasia

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4
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is
change in phenotype
- Ex. Cuboidal cells change to squamous cells

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
disorganized and abnormal cell
growth
- Commonly associated with neoplasia

A

Dysplasia

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6
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELL ADAPTATION

what is:
disorganized and abnormal cell
growth
- Commonly associated with neoplasia

A

Dysplasia

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7
Q

INTRO TO NEOPLASIA

What is a neoplasm?

A

Pathological Process: Disorders of growth
“new growth” irreversible and unregulated proliferation of cells

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8
Q

What type of neoplasms are there?
2 what are they

A

Benign Neoplasms: “oma”
ex. Lipoma
*indolent
Malignant Neoplasms:
*aggressive
- Sarcoma: mesenchymal cell origin
- Carcinoma: epithelial cell origin

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9
Q

Oncology is?
Tumor is?
Cancer is?

A

Oncology - study of neoplasia
Tumor - “swelling”
Cancer - malignant

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10
Q

Neoplasia
vs.
neoplasm

A

Neoplasia (nee-oh-PLAY-zhuh) is the
uncontrolled, abnormal growth of
cells or tissues in the body, and the
abnormal growth itself is called a
neoplasm (nee-oh-PLAZ-m) or tumor.
It can be benign (bee-NINE) or
malignant.

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11
Q

what are:
Benign sounding designations attributed to malignant neoplasms:

A
  • Lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, seminoma.
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12
Q

Hamartoma ?

A

disorganized but benign masses composes of cells indigenous to the
involved tissue (many involve blood vessels); has mutations; now considered
neoplasm.

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13
Q

Choristoma ?

A

a heterotopic rest of cells (e.g. normal adrenal gland tissue on the
surface of the liver). Example: dermoid.

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14
Q

COMPONENTS OF A NEOPLASM

2 Main Parts:
what are they?

A

Parenchyma - neoplastic cells
Stroma - connective tissue and vasculature

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15
Q

COMPONENTS OF A NEOPLASM

Parenchyma
how do they replicate?
are tehy epithelial
are they mesenchymal?

A

Parenchyma - neoplastic cells
- these cells are able to replicate without control or regulation
Can be epithelial - most organs, glands, mucosal and the
epidermis
Can be mesenchymal - connective tissue, endothelial
cells, muscle, bone marrow and blood

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16
Q

COMPONENTS OF A NEOPLASM

Stroma
how are they produced?
are they neoplastic?

A

Stroma Ǖ connective tissue and vasculature
Produced by neoplastic cell signaling
NOT neoplastic but works for the neoplastic cells

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17
Q

EPITHELIAL V. MESENCHYMAL CELLS

what are these?

A

Mesenchymal Cells

** spindle shaped** and will be separated
by lots of intracellular matrix (ICM)

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18
Q

EPITHELIAL V. MESENCHYMAL CELLS

what are these?

A

Epithelial Cells

**tightly packed **squamous, cuboidal
or columnar cells, not a lot of ICM

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19
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
fribroblasts
prefix?

A

fibro

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20
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
vascular endothelium
prefix?

A

hemongio

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21
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
glandular epithelial cells
prefix?

A

adeno

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22
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
osteoblasts
prefix?

A

osteo

23
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
keratinocytes/keratinizing squamous cells
prefix?

A

in benign=papilloma
if malignant=squmous cell carcinoma

24
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
lymphocytes
prefix?

A

lympho (lymphoma=lymphasarcoma)

25
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
>1 cell lineage
prefix?

A

teratoma (always benign)

26
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
melanocytes
prefix?

A

if benign=melanocytoma
if malignant= (malignant) melanoma

27
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
plasma cells
prefix?

A

multiple myeloma (malignant)

28
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
bone marrow
prefix?

A

leukemia

29
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
histiocytic cells
prefix?

A

if benign=histiocytoma
if malignant=histiocytic sarcoma

30
Q

NAMING NEOPLASMS
Tissue of Origin:
lipocytes
prefix?

A

if benign=lipoma
if malignang=liposarcoma

31
Q

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant?

name 4

A

Differentiation
Growth Rate
Invasion
Metastasis

32
Q

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant?
Differentiation
Well Differentiated: ?
Poorly Differentiated:?

A

Differentiation
Well Differentiated: cells resemble the tissue of origin - benign
Poorly Differentiated: cells look abnormal -malignant

33
Q

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant?
Growth Rate
Benign: ?
Malignant: ?

A

Growth Rate
Benign: slow, progressive, normal mitotic figures
Malignant: slow to rapid, erratic, abnormal mitotic figures

34
Q

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant?
Invasion:
Benign: ?
Malignant: ?

A

Invasion:
Benign: no invasion, capsule often present
Malignant: local invasion, usually no capsule present

35
Q

How do you know if a neoplasm is benign or malignant?
Metastasis:
Benign: ?
Malignant: ?

A

Metastasis:
Benign: None
Malignant: Frequent

36
Q

what is this?

A

Mammary Adenoma

37
Q

what is this

A

Mammary Adenocarcinoma

38
Q

what is this?

A

Cutaneous Lipoma

39
Q

what is this?

A

Cutaneous Liposarcoma

40
Q

adenoma, papilloma, and polyp
are what?

A

benign epithelial tumors

41
Q

“polyp” and “papilloma”

are these the same or diferent?

A

sometimes used interchangeably

42
Q

a tumor arising from glandular epithelium (e.g.
sebaceous gland) or a tumor derived from nonglandular
epithelial tissue that exhibits a tubular pattern microscopically

is called?

A

“Adenoma”

43
Q

refers to a benign, usually exophytic (“growing
outward”), growth arising from a cutaneous or mucocutaneous
surface.

A

“Papilloma”

44
Q

is a grossly visible, benign epithelial tumor projecting
from a mucosal surface (e.g. small intestine).

A

“Polyp”

45
Q

loss of cellular differentiation +reversion to more primative cellular morphologic features; often indicates irreversible progression to neoplasia. Often hard to identify histologically.
is?

A

anaplasia

*the loss of mature and specialized features of the cell

46
Q

Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm!

variation in the size of the cell nucleus is?

A

Anisokaryosis

47
Q

Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm!

variation in the overall size of the cells is?

A

Anisocytosis

48
Q

Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm!

cells are variable in appearance is

A

Pleomorphic

49
Q

Characteristics we would see with a malignant neoplasm!

nucleus is notably darker is?

A

Nuclear Hyperchromasia

50
Q

karyolysis is?
Pyknosis is?
karyorhexis is?

A

nucleus fading
nucleus shrinks
nuclear fragmentation

51
Q

High nucleus to cytoplasm ration
Multiple nucleoli
Abnormal mitotic figures

refers to?

A

Anaplasia
(I think?)

52
Q

Enlarged organ -frequently in lymphoma

Mass lesion

Unique Shapes: polypoid, papillary nodular, cystic,
pedunculated, **umbilicated **(rapid growth)

Changes in** color** - frequently in melanoma

Demarcation

these are all gross features of what?

A

GROSS FEATURES OF NEOPLASIA

53
Q

csirrhous response carcinoma

A

multiple nodules or bands or abundant fibrous connective tissue

54
Q

Neoplasia is a result of an abnormality
involving:

A. Cellular respiration
B. Membrane instability
C. Organelle growth
D. The cell cycle

A

IDK it doesn’t say

Pathology 1 RUSVM (7 decks)

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