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PSIO303 > Block 3 - Lecture 1 Notes > Flashcards

Block 3 - Lecture 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • dyslipidemia
  • obesity
  • hypertension
  • smoking
  • diabetes
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2
Q

Clinical conditions that are additional risks for cardiovascular disease

A
  • Insulin resistance
  • Hyperinsulinemia
  • Glucose intolerance
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3
Q

Clustering conditions or risk factors that put individuals at risk for CVD and Type II

A

Raised blood pressure
Dyslipidemia
Raised fasting glucose
Central obesity

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4
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Condition in humans where there is clustering of specific pathologies that represent increased CVD.

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5
Q

Other names for metabolic syndrome

A

Syndrome X
Insulin resistance syndrome
Cardio Metabolic syndrome (CMS)

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6
Q

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome

A

Over 40% over adults over 50

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7
Q

Adipocyte dysfunction

A

Dysregulation of adipokine secretion

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8
Q

Accelerate atherosclerosis

A

Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

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9
Q

Endothelial dysfunction

A

Dysregulation of microcirculatory responses

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10
Q

Renal dysfunction

A

Micro or macro albuminuria

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11
Q

Hepatic steatosis

A

Elevated lipid storage

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12
Q

Inflammation

A

Increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive Proteins (CRP)

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13
Q

Hypercoagulability

A

Increased fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

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14
Q

Visceral obesity

A

Increase in visceral or abdominal adipose tissue

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15
Q

Assessment of overall weight or obesity

A

Body-mass index (BMI)

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16
Q

BMI equation

A

Kg/M^2

17
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

18
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25.0-29.9

19
Q

Obese BMI

A

30.0 - 39.99

20
Q

Extreme Obesity BMI

A

Greater than 40.0

21
Q

Ways to assess visceral obesity

A

Waist circumference and MRI

22
Q

M Value

A

Measurement of insulin sensitivity

23
Q

Insulin resistance

A

The state in which normal or elevated circulating insulin levels don’t elicit the expected biological response in organism or tissue

24
Q

Primary organ of insulin resistance

A

Skeletal muscle

25
Q

Other major organs of insulin resistance

A

Liver and adipose tissue

26
Q

What is an early defect in the development of metabolic syndrome

A

Insulin resistance

27
Q

When do we refer to someone as pre-diabetic?

A

When individuals who are insulin resistant but do not yet show symptoms of hyperglycemia

28
Q

Hyperinsulinemia

A

Condition in which an increase in insulin secretion is brought about in order to compensate for established insulin-resistant state and keep blood glucose close to normal

29
Q

Abnormal response to oral glucose tolerance test

A

Glucose intolerance

30
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test

A

Ingestion of 75 g of glucose and assessment of the blood glucose levels over the next 2-3 hours.

31
Q

Glucose intolerance

A

Glucose levels increase to high levels and remain high for longer than normal

32
Q

The development of glucose intolerance is closely associate with…

A

the development of insulin resistance

33
Q

Dyslipidemia is traditionally composed of…

A
  • Excess plasma triglycerides and FFA (fasting and PP)
  • Decreased HDL and PHLA
  • Increased LDL
34
Q

Post-prandial

A

After a meal

35
Q

PHLA

A

Post-heparin lipolytic activity –> decreased ability to catabolize lipids in response to heparin

36
Q

Essential hypertension

A

Elevation in both systolic BP and diastolic BP (> 135 mm Hg / > 90 mm Hg)

37
Q

Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia of metabolic syndrome may cause…

A
  • Increased central sympathetic outflow
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction
  • Renal retention of Na and water
  • Increased blood volume and total peripheral resistance (hypertension)
38
Q

How does hyperinsulinemia result in hypertension.

A

Insulin resistance –> hyperinsulinemia –> increased SNS activity / increased Na and water retention –> hypertension

39
Q
A

PSIO303 (8 decks)

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