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Virology > Block 3 > Flashcards

Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytopathic effect (CPE)

A

Damage or morphological changes to host cells during virus invasion

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2
Q

Cell fusion (Syncytium or polykaryon formation)

A

Fusion of the plasma membranes of four or more cells to produce an enlarged cell with four or more nuclei. Prone to premature cell death.

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3
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

An abnormal structure in a cell nucleus or cytoplasm or both, such as aggregates of proteins, having characteristic staining properties and associated with certain viral infections. Helps to identify certain viral infections.

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4
Q

Inclusion bodies can be: (3)

A

1) accumulation of viral components
2) result from degenerative changes in cell
3) crystalline aggregates of virions

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5
Q

Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Apoptotic Pathway

A

Activated as a result of increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes subsequent to cell injury, such as that associated with a viral infection

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6
Q

Extrinsic (Death Receptor) Apoptotic Pathway

A

Activated by engagement of specific cell-membrane receptors, which are members of the TNF receptor family (TNF, Fas, and others). Thus binding of the cytokine TNF to its cellular receptor can trigger apoptosis.

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7
Q

Cell transformation

A

The changing of a normal cell into a cancer cell

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8
Q

Neoplasia

A

Abnormal tissue overgrowth that may be either localized or disseminated. Process that leads to the formation of neoplasms.

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9
Q

Oncology

A

The study of neoplasia and neoplasms

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10
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

Growth produced by abnormal cell proliferation that remains localized and does not invade adjacent tissue

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11
Q

Malignant neoplasm (syn. cancer)

A

Locally invasive and may also be spread to other parts of the body (metastasis)

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12
Q

Oncogenic viruses

A

Viruses that cause or give rise to tumors

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13
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer cells from the part of the body where it started (the primary site) to other parts of the body.

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14
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Encode proteins that function in normal cellular growth and differentiation

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15
Q

Tumor supressor genes (and examples)

A

Plays a role in keeping cell division in check. Encodes proteins that regulates and inhibits uncontrolled growth.
Rb and p53

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16
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated forms of proto-onco genes or aberrantly expressed proto-oncogenes

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17
Q

Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb)

A

One important tumor supressor gene/protein that blocks E2F and keeps cell division in check. E2F facilitates cell division.

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18
Q

p53

A

Tumor supressor gene/protein that prevents cells with damaged DNA from entering into cell division. Tries to mediate repairing of the damaged host cell DNA. If the damaged DNA cannot be repaired, p53 mediates apoptosis of the cell with damaged DNA.

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19
Q

Tumor Virus/Oncogenic Virus

A

Virus that causes cancer

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20
Q

Oncogenic viruses generally have a ____ genome, or generate a ____ after infection (Retrovirus)

A

DNA genome; DNA provirus

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21
Q

Oncogenic DNA viruses

A

Have the viral oncogene in the viral DNA. These oncogenes cause cancer in host cell, and also may help in the virus replication process.

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22
Q

Productive infection of Oncogeneic DNA Viruses in Permissive Cell

A

Virus complete its replication cycle, resulting in cell lysis = NO CANCER

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23
Q

Non-Productive infection of Oncogeneic DNA Viruses in Non-Permissive Cell

A

Virus transforms the cell without completing its replication cycle = CANCER

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24
Q

Oncogenic RNA Viruses –> Acutely Transforming Retroviruses

A

These viruses steal the proto-oncogene from the infected host cell DNA, and then the virus converts the proto-onogene into the oncogene (v-onc, cancer causing gene)

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25
Q

Oncogenic RNA Viruses –> Slow/Chronic Transforming Retroviruses

A

Virus genome gets inserted into the regulatory (enhancer region) gene of host cell DNA. As a result of this insertion, the regulatory gene cannot function properly. There is no control on proto-oncogene of host DNA. The result is excessive cell division, or cancer.

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26
Q

Tumor antigen

A

New antigens appear on the surface of tumor cells that may provoke an immune response

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27
Q

Feline oncornavirus membrane-associated antigen (FOCMA)

A

Example of expression of tumor antigens

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28
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a virus to causes disease in host (ie harm the host)

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29
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Manner/mechanism of development of a disease

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30
Q

Virulence

A

Quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of the infecting virus

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31
Q

Avirulent

A

Not virulent (not harmful to the host)

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32
Q

Lethal dose 50 (LD50)

A

Dose of the virus required to cause death in 50% of animals

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33
Q

Infectious dose 50 (ID50)

A

Dose of virus that will infect 50% of an experimental group of hosts/animals

34
Q

T/F: The lower ID50 and LD50, the more virulent the organism

A

TRUE

35
Q

Disseminated Infection

A

Infection spreads beyond the primary site of infection

36
Q

Systemic Infection

A

If a number of organs or tissues are infected

37
Q

Apical vs Basolateral release of virus

A

Apical: facilitates virus dispersal
Basolateral: Provides access to underlying tissues, facilitates systemic spread

38
Q

Viremia

A

The presence of a virus in the blood. Virus may be free in blood or in a cell, such as lymphocytes.

39
Q

Primary Viremia

A

Initial entry of virus into the blood after infection

40
Q

Secondary Viremia:

A

Virus has replicated in major organs and once more entered the circulation

41
Q

Passive Viremia

A

Direct inoculation of virus in blood. No initial replication elsewhere in host before. Ex: bite of arthropods or contaminated syringe

42
Q

Active Viremia

A

Viremia following initial virus replication in host. Release of virions from the initial site of replication, such as lymphatics or epithelium of intestine, to the blood stream.

43
Q

Neurotropic Virus

A

Viruses that can infect neural cells/ Infection may occur by neural or hematogenous spread.

44
Q

Neuroinvasive Virus

A

Viruses that enter the CNS (spinal cord and brain) after infection of a peripheral site

45
Q

Neurovirulent Virus

A

Viruses that cause disease of nervous tissue, manifested by neurological symptoms and often death

46
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus

A

Low neuroinvasiveness; High neurovirulence.
It always enters the peripheral nervous system, but rarely enters the central nervous system. When it does, consequences are almost always severe, if not fatal.

47
Q

Mumps Virus

A

Exhibits neuroinvasiveness, but low neurovirulence. Most infections lead to invasion of CNS, but neurological disease is mild.

48
Q

Rabies Virus

A

High neuroinvasiveness and high neurovirulence. It readily infects the peripheral nervous system and spreads to the CNS with 100% lethality unless antiviral therapy is administered shortly after infection.

49
Q

Retrograde Spread

A

Travel opposite direction of nerve impulse flow. Invades axons then spreads to dendrites.

50
Q

Anterograde Spread

A

Travel in direction of nerve impulse flow. Invades dendrites then spreads to axons.

51
Q

Localized Acute vs Systemic Acute Infections: Site of pathology

A

Localized: Portal of entry
Systemic: Distant sites

52
Q

Localized Acute vs Systemic Acute Infections: Incubation Period

A

Localized: Relatively short
Systemic: Relatively long

53
Q

Localized Acute vs Systemic Acute Infections: Viremia

A

Localized: no
Systemic: yes

54
Q

Localized Acute vs Systemic Acute Infections: Duration of immunity

A

Localized: variable, may be short
Systemic: mostly life long

55
Q

Localized Acute vs Systemic Acute Infections: Secretory IgA

A

Localized: Very important
Systemic: Not important

56
Q

Acute Infection

A

Usually intensive shedding over short time periods

57
Q

Persistent Infection

A

Can be shed at lower titers for months to years

58
Q

Tropism

A

The specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue

59
Q

Pantropic Virus

A

Can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue

60
Q

Virus Injury to skin: Vesicles

A

Fluid filled sacs/elevations

61
Q

Virus Injury to skin: Ulcer

A

Opening in the skin caused by sloughing or necrotic tissue, extending past the epidermis

62
Q

Virus Injury to skin: Nodule, tumor

A

Palpable, solid, elevated mass. Nodules with distinct borders. Tumors extending deep into the dermis.

63
Q

Virus Injury to skin: Warts

A

Benign skin growths that appear when a virus infects the top layer of the skin

64
Q

Virus Injury to skin: Papule

A

Solid elevations without fluid with sharp borders

65
Q

Virus Injury to skin: Erythema

A

Reddening of skin, consequence of systemic viral infections (endothelial injury in blood vessels throughout the body, including those of the subcutaneous tissue)

66
Q

Teratogenesis

A

The abnormal DEVELOPMENT or arrests in development of embryo or fetus. May result in death or malformations during the antenatal period.

67
Q

Infectious Bursal Disease

A

Example of virus-induced immunopathology. Virus replication causes atrophy of the bursa and a severe deficiency of B lymphocytes, resulting in immunosupression. As a result, infected birds become susceptible to other pathogens.

68
Q

Inapparent Infections (4)

A
  • Clinical signs and symptoms are not evident
  • Too few cells may be infected
  • Stimulate host immune response
  • Possible source of virus spread
69
Q

Acute/Short-Term Infection

A

Short clinical course. Rapid clearance from host immune response.

70
Q

Latent/Persistent Infection

A

Infectious virus is not demonstrable except when reactivation occurs. Reactivation is often stimulated by immunosuppression and/or by the action of a cytokine or hormone. Ex: cold sores

71
Q

Chronic/Persistent Infection

A

Acute infection followed by chronic infection in which the virus is continuously shed from or is present in infected tissue

72
Q

Slow/Persistent Infection

A

Prolonged incubation period, lasting months or years. Slow progressive lethal disease.

73
Q

How does Canine Distemper Virus cause CNS damage?

A

Progressive Demyelination

74
Q

How does Prion Disease cause CNS damage?

A

Neuronal Vacuolation

75
Q

Petechiae Hemorrhage vs Ecchymoses Hemorrhage

A

Petechiae=pin-point/small spots

Ecchymoses=larger areas, ill-defined margins

76
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

Clots form in small blood vessels throughout the body which causes organ failure. In later stages, material for clot is exhausted due to over use, so there is no longer clot formation in later stages, which causes hemorrhages throughout the body.

77
Q

Virus-induced immunopathology

A

Tissue injury mediated by host immune response to virus infection. It is the price paid by the host to clear a viral infection.

78
Q

Routes of viral entry to the skin (3)

A

1) Transcutaneous Injection (bite of arthropod)
2) Bite of infected animal
3) Contaminated objects

79
Q

Defense mechanisms of the skin (6)

A

1) Dense keratin
2) Low pH
3) Fatty Acids (sweat)
4) Bacterial flora
5) Dryness
6) Innate & Adaptive Immunity

80
Q

Routes of viral entry (4)

A

1) Skin
2) Mucus Membrane
3) GI Tract
4) Respiratory Tract

81
Q

Arthrogryposis

A

Joint constrictures of fetus

82
Q

Fetal pathogenesis from BVDV (2)

A

1) Porencephaly
2) Congenital hydranencephaly (slight dome-shaped skull)

Virology (5 decks)

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