Block 2 Flashcards
Key elements to behavioural change
Threat, fear, barriers/benefits, subjective norms, response efficacy, attitudes, cognitions (awareness of thought), intentions, cues to action.
COM B Model
Capability, Opportunity and Motivation to Behaviour
Health Belief Model
Perceived Susceptibility and Severity = Perceived Threat
Perceived Benefits and Barriers = Perceived efficacy
Perceived efficacy and threat = health behaviour
What influences the perceived threat in the HBM?
Education
Define behaviourism
Scientific study of how reward and punishment affect emotion and behaviour e.g. Conditioning Pavlov’s dogs
Define social psychology
Scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feeling and actions are influenced by social environment e.g. Milgram’s Obedience Study
4 models for Social Cognition Theories
Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Transtheoretical Model and COM-B Model
What is a criticism of the HBM?
Doesn’t take into account the influence of others, social environments and interactions
Explain the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
- Behavioural beliefs and Outcome evaluation = Behavioural attitude
- Normative beliefs and Motivation to comply = Subjective Norm
- Control beliefs and Self-efficacy = Perceived Behavioural Control
- BA, SN and PBC = Behavioural Intention
- PBC and BI = Behaviour
Explain Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Relapse
What can be used to design interventions?
The behaviour change wheel:
- COM
- Intervention techniques
- Policy changes
Define disease prevention
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimising the impact of disease and disability, or if none of these is feasible, retarding the progress of disease and disability
Define health promotion
Actions aimed at increasing the control people have over their health and its determinants, thereby improving health. This involves positive and inclusive model of health, including physical, mental and spiritual wellbeing.
Define primary disease prevention
Prevention of the spread of disease and contraction of such it in the first place. Eg. Immunisation, health education in schools.
Define secondary primary disease prevention
Screening programme to catch and treat disease before it progresses/shows any signs and symptoms. Eg. Breast/prostate cancer screening.
Define tertiary primary disease prevention
Treatment of symptomatic disease that cannot be cured. Minimise the effects of the disease as much as possible, and improve quality of life. Eg. Stroke rehabilitation, palliative care.
Define prevention paradox
A preventative measure that has large benefits for a community offers little benefit to each individual participating e.g. foetal genetic screening
Outcomes of OTTOWA CHARTER, WHO (1986)?
Focus on what to do. Because health promotion goes beyond healthcare, it has to be tackled at a population level – policy makers in all sectors.
Outcomes of BANGKOK CHARTER, WHO (2005)?
Identifies actions, commitments and pledges required to address the determinants of health in a globalized world through health promotion.
5 approaches to Ewles and Simnett’s
- Medical (screening, vaccines)
- Behavioural change (healthier behaviours)
- Educational (info, informed choice)
- Client centred - health issues identified by client/community
- Societal change (Change physical, social & economic environment (policy, legislation) - making healthier choices easier
Outline Beattie’s Model (Quadrant Approach)
Authoritarian - negotiated Individual - collective Upper left - health persuasion Upper right - Legislation action Lower left - personal counselling Lower right - community development
Marmot review’s 6 policy objectives
- Every child best start in life
- Maximise capabilities and control their own lives
- Create fair employment and good work
- Healthy standard of living
- Healthy and sustainable places and communities
- Strengthen the role and impact of ill health prevention
What is the fast flowing river analogy?
Improving all factors upstream (at source) will impact the whole system
Define race
A concept that concentrated on the presumed differing characteristics between differing group of people. This is a discredited concept, as it is based not on scientific evidence, but prejudice and reinforces racist views.
Define ethnicity
No reference to biological/genetic traits. A group with long-term shared history that distinguishes it from other groups, and a cultural identity of its own. Not necessarily religion-related.
Define culture
Family and social customs and manners, often but not necessarily associated with religious observance.
Define sex at birth
Assignment/classification of people as male/female/intersex/another sex, often based on physical anatomy at birth or karotype
Define gender
Socially constructed concept of what is expected of males and females.
Define hetronormativity
society’s assumption that heterosexuality is the default or norm
3 diseases that BME are more at risk for?
CHD and stroke
Hypertension and stroke
Diabetes
How to explain racial health inequalities
- Genetic (e.g. sickle cell)
- Cultural - customs and traditions
- Migratory - health similar to country of origin. ‘Salmon bias’ = return home when ill
- social deprivation
- racism - overt and subtle
3 types of racism
- direct
- indirect
- institutional
What did the Black Report find?
That there is inequality in healthcare based on socio-economic status
Health problems more common in men?
Accidents, cancer, CHD, suicide
Health problems more common in women?
Deliberate self harm and mental health
Gender differences in health?
Women have higher life expectancy, more disease and use health services more
Health care use between genders?
Women - GP
Men - A&E
Women attend wellbeing checks more - men more likely to die from skin cancer even through incidence is less
Why is there inequality in healthcare for gender?
Men more likely to have accidents and ‘be masculine’
Women more likely to experience poverty and self neglect. More social isolation.
