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Key ALS facts > Block 10 > Flashcards

Block 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of urinary system

A
  • maintain water balance
  • maintain salt balance
  • metabolise Vit D
  • regulate blood glucose lvls
  • gluconeogenesis
  • EPO production
  • renin release
  • excretion of metabolic waste products
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2
Q

2 layers of Bowman’s capsule

A

Parietal - simple squamous epithelium

Visceral - simple squamous epithelium w inner layer of podocytes on basement membrane which sits on fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus

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3
Q

Key characteristic of both nephrotic + nephritic syndrome

A

disruption to glomerular filtration barrier causing some degree of proteinuria

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4
Q

Half life

A

Half-life of a drug (T ½) is the time necessary to halve the plasma concentration

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5
Q

BPE

A

Benign prostatic enlargement

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6
Q

Most common cancer in men in UK

A

Prostate cancer

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7
Q

Hesitancy

A

difficulty initiating urination

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8
Q

if GFR too high…

A
  • not enough time for reabsorption

- [NaCl] in filtrate high

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9
Q

Name of glands lying either side of the distal urethra in females

A

Skene’s glands

- homologous to male prostate

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10
Q

General histology of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • microvilli on apical surface – increase SA for reabsorption
  • high number of mitochondria – produce ATP needed for reabsorption
  • highly infolded basolateral membrane
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11
Q

Cells involved in tubulo-glomerular feedback

A

Macula densa cells of DCT

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12
Q

Clinical hallmarks of nephrotic syndrome (4)

A
  • Proteinuria
  • Oedema
  • Lipiduria
  • Hyperlipidemia
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13
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.34 - 7.38

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14
Q

Most common cause of intrarenal AKI

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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15
Q

Receptors in the detrusor muscle that get activated stimulating bladder contraction

A

M3 muscarinic receptors

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16
Q

Briefly explain the myogenic mechanism of regulating glomerular filtration

A

Drop in mean arterial BP:

  • detected by SMCs in afferent arterioles triggers vasodilation
  • increased blood flow to glomerulus
  • increased filtration

Increase in mean arterial BP:

  • detected by SMCs in afferent arterioles triggers vasoconstriction
  • decreased blood flow to glomerulus
  • decreased filtration
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17
Q

Why can’t negatively charged molecules pass through the filtration membrane?

A

proteins in filtration membrane are -ve so repel -ve charged molecules

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18
Q

Cortical nephron capillary beds

A

peritubular capillaries

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19
Q

Azotemia

A

increased retention of urea and creatinine

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20
Q

Mesangial cells

A

cells in filtration membrane

can contract to help regulate rate of filtration through glomerulus

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21
Q

First site of water reabsorption in nephron

A

PCT

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22
Q

[NaCl] in filtrate directly varies with

A

filtrate flow rate

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23
Q

Preclinical disease state

A
  • starts w the onset of the disease process

- AND lasts until signs and symptoms appear

24
Q

Pedicels

A

tiny projections of podocytes which interdigitate to form filtration slits

25
Q

Why can a female bladder not hold as much urine as a male bladder?

A

Uterus takes up space and crowds out some of bladder volume

26
Q

Dysuria

A

pain when urinatining

27
Q

3 main components of filtration membrane

A
  • fenestrated capillary endothelium
  • basement membrane w -ve charged proteins
  • pedicels of podocytes forming filtration slits
28
Q

Main general cause of intrarenal failure

A

damage to nephron tubules, glomerulus or interstitium

29
Q

Structural damage to the basement membrane and podocytes causes

A

Nephrotic syndrome

30
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

high pressure in bladder can push urine back up ureters into kidneys=> causes renal pelvises to expand

31
Q

How does the body try to compensate for massive renal protein loss in nephrotic syndrome?

A

reactive hepatic protein synthesis - liver tries to ,make more plasma proteins

32
Q

BOO

A

bladder outflow obstruction

33
Q

Arterial supply to prostatic urethra

A

inferior vesical artery

34
Q

Site of ADH release

A

posterior pituitary

35
Q

Structures of kidney the transpyloric plane crosses

A
  • hilum of L kidney

- superior pole of R kidney

36
Q

How does hypoalbuminemia lead to oedema?

A
  • decreased serum albumin
  • decreased colloid/oncotic pressure
  • fluid leaves blood + enters tissue
    => oedema
37
Q

Pyruria

A

WBCs in urine

38
Q

Renal clearance

A

volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance in 1 min (ml/min)

39
Q

Bicarbonate lvls greater than 26mEq/L

A

metabolic alkalosis

40
Q

Bicarbonate lvls below 22mEq/L

A

metabolic acidosis

41
Q

Proteinuria

A

protein loss of >3.5g per 24hrs in urine for NEPHROTIC syndrome

if less 3.5g per day => NEPHRITIC

42
Q

Commonest cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the western world

A

Diabetic nephropathy

43
Q

painless haematuria is indicative of:

A

Bladder transitional cell carcinoma

44
Q

Transpyloric plane crosses the

A

Superior pole of the R kidney and hilum of L kidney

at vertrebral level L!

45
Q

Muscles in medial aspect od kidney

A

Psoas major + psoas minor

46
Q

Muscles posterior to kidney

A

Iliacus

47
Q

R renal artery =

A

LONGER than left

48
Q

Renal arteries arise from

A

the lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta

49
Q

Interlobular arteries enter the

A

RENAL CORTEX

50
Q

Ureters pierce bladder at angle

A

create antegrade flow of urine

51
Q

Hypogastric nerve

A

=> parasympathetic nerve contracts detrusor muscle creates high P

52
Q

Rugae stretch when distended

A

bladder can strectch out leave pelvis and enter the suprapubic area

53
Q

Females don’t have internal urethral sphincter

A

males have this to prevent retrograde movement of ejaculate into urine

54
Q

quite a few pins -> will likely want you to identify the muscles thst make up the leavtor asni

A

Could I please peek? menonemonic

55
Q

Ischioanal fossa

A

allows rectum to expand during defecation and pudendal nerve also contained within here

Key ALS facts (6 decks)

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