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Cyber > Block 1 Windows > Flashcards

Block 1 Windows Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Kernel?

Windows Components

A

heart of the OS providing basic low-level operations suck as schedulinng threads or routing hardware interrupts

Windows Components

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2
Q

Explain User mode for Processors

Windows Components

A

Private virtual address space in memory
unprivileged/restricted

Windows Components

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3
Q

Explain Kernel mode for Processors

Windows Components

A

Shares the same vitual address space in memory
Privileged/unrestricted

Windows Components

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4
Q

What Processor mode makes it possible to overwrite other programs and compromise the entire system?

Windows Components

A

Kernel Mode

Windows Components

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5
Q

What are drivers?

Windows Components

A

Software component that enables communication between hardware and the OS

Windows Components

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6
Q

What are the Driver Types?

Windows Components

A

User Mode and Kernel

Windows Components

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7
Q

Explain the Drivers User mode

Windows Components

A

Interfaces between a Win32 application and kernel-mode driver or other OS components

Windows Components

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8
Q

Explain the Drivers Kernel mode

Windows Components

A

Interface with I/O, Plug and play memory, process and thread management, security, etc…

Windows Components

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9
Q

Explain Lowest-level drivers

Windows Components

A

Control I/O bus in which the actual hardware device is connected
DOES NOT DEPEND ON LOWER LEVEL DRIVERS

Windows Components

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10
Q

Give an example of a Lowest-level driver

Windows Components

A

AGP/PCI hardware bus drivers

Windows Components

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11
Q

How are intermediate-level drivers divided?

Windows Components

A

Function, Filter and Software bus Drivers

Windows Components

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12
Q

What do intermediate-level drivers and highest-level drivers have in common

Windows Components

A

always depend on lower level drivers for support

Windows Components

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13
Q

What are some examples of highest-level drivers

Windows Components

A

NTFS, FAT, CDFS

Windows Components

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14
Q

What do filter drivers do?

Windows Components

A

communicates with other filter drivers or function drivers
(basically filters information)

Windows Components

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15
Q

What are the three driver categories?

Windows Components

A

Software, Bus, and Device

Windows Components

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16
Q

What mode do bus drivers always run in?

Windows Components

A

Kernel mode

Windows Components

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17
Q

What mode do software drivers always run in?

Windows Components

A

Kernel mode

Windows Components

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18
Q

What mode do Device drivers always run in?

Windows Components

A

Can run in both User and Kernel mode

Windows Components

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20
Q

What do software bus drivers do?

Windows Components

A

provides an interface for higher-level drivers to attah to a set of child devices
(the bus drives around children)

Windows Components

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20
Q

What do function drivers do?

Windows Components

A

Handles reads/writes to the device and manages device power policy

Windows Components

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20
Q

What are the three types of intermediate-level drivers?

Windows Components

A

Function, filter, and software bus

Windows Components

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21
Q

What do software bus drivers do?

A

Provides an interface for higher-level drivers to attach to a set of child services

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22
Q

What stage is the Master Boot Record read on?

Boot Process

A

The BIOS Phase

Boot Process

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23
Q

What is the the Boot Loader Phases’s purpose?

Boot Process

A

To load the Kernel into memory

Boot Process

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24
Q

What are the three phases of the Boot process?

Boot Process

A

Bios Phase, Boot Manager Phase, and the Kernel Phase

Boot Process

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24
Q

What is the Bios Phase’s reason for existing?

Boot Process

A

Hardware check on the system, then searches and run the “bootmgr” file

Boot Process

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24
Q

What are the two parts to the Boot Loader Phase?

Boot Process

A

Windows Boot Manager and Windows Boot Loader

Boot Process

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25
Q

What does the Windows Boot Manager do in the Boot Loader Phase?

Boot Process

A

Launches the Windows Boot Manager and reads in the BCD

Boot Process

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26
Q

What does the Windows Boot Loader do in the Boot Loader Phase?

Boot Process

A

Launches Windows Boot Loader then finds and starts the Winloader (WInload.exe)

Boot Process

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27
Q

What is the Kernel Phase’s (Windows NT OS Kernel) purpose for existing? (Name three)

Boot Process

A

Loads the registry and drivers marked as “Boot Start” ; Launches the Session Manager (smss.exe) ; User session processes launch ; Launches Services ; Winlogon.exe (logon screen) ; session is created for the user after logon

Boot Process

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28
Q

Explain a File System

File Systems

A

A file system is implemented by the OS designed to store and retrieve data when necessary

File Systems

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29
Q

Explain what a File Allocation Table (FAT) is

File Systems

A

File system initially developed for Windows systems starting from MS-DOS up to Windows ME

File Systems

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30
Q

What are the downsides to a FAT file system?

File Systems

A

Does not support file compression or security features

File Systems

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31
Q

What are the three advancements of FAT over it’s lifespan?

File Systems

A

FAT16, FAT32, and exFAT

File Systems

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32
Q

How much data can FAT16 format and what is it’s max file size?

File Systems

A

Formats up to 16GBs; handles max file size of 2GB

File Systems

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33
Q

How much data can FAT32 format and what is it’s max file size?

File Systems

A

Formats up to 16TBs; handles max file size of 4GB

File Systems

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34
Q

How much data can exFAT format and what is it’s max file size?

File Systems

A

Formats up to 512TiBs-64ZiB; handles max file size of approximately 128 PiB

File Systems

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35
Q

Define a Registry

Registry

A

a central hierarchical database that stores necessary configuration information for the system to run

Registry

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36
Q

What are the 2 Root Keys in the registry structure?

Registry

A

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE and HKEY_USERS

Registry

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37
Q

What are the 3 Linked Keys in the registry structure?

Registry

A

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, HKEY_CURRENT_USER, and HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

Registry

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38
Q

What is the HKEY_CLASSES ROOT a shortcut to?

Registry

A

HKLM\SOFTWARE\Classes

Registry

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39
Q

What is the HKEY_CURRENT_USER a shortcut to?

Registry

A

HKU\SID

Registry

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40
Q

What is the HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG a shortcut to?

Registry

A

HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControl\HarwareProfiles\Current

Registry

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41
Q

What is the structure of the Registry?

Registry

A

Keys which are comparable to folders of a file system and Values which are comparable to the files in a file system

Registry

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42
Q

What are the 6 different types similar to file extensions in the file system?

Registry

A

REG_BINARY. REG_SZ, REG_MULTI_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ, REG_DWORD, and REG_QWORD

Registry

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43
Q

What does REG_BINARY represent in a registry?

Registry

A

Binary data in the values

Registry

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44
Q

What does REG_SZ represent in a registry?

Registry

A

Null-terminated strings in the values (String registry value)

Registry

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45
Q

What does REG_MULTI_SZ represent in a registry?

Registry

A

A sequence of Null-terminated strings in the values (Multi-string registry value)

Registry

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46
Q

What does REG_EXPAND_SZ represent in the registry?

Registry

A

That the registry values can use environmental variables (Expandable string registry value)

Registry

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47
Q

What does the REG_DWORD represent in the registry?

Registry

A

A 32 bit number inside the registry values (Double word registry value)

Registry

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48
Q

What does the REG_QWORD represent in the registry?

Registry

A

A 64 bit number inside the registry values (Quadruple word registry value)

Registry

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49
Q

What are the registry common items?

Registry

A

SIDs, GUIDs, and Hexs

Registry

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50
Q

What is a SID?

Registry

A

A unique value of variable length that is used to identify a security principal

Registry

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51
Q

What are SIDs that identify generic users or groups and whose values are static?

Registry

A

Well known SIDs

Registry

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52
Q

What is a GUID?

Registry

A

A 128 bit number used to identify information in computer systems

Registry

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53
Q

What is commonly used to identify hardware and software versions?

Registry

A

GUIDs

Registry

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54
Q

What is a Hex value?

Registry

A

Uses 16 characters (0-9,A-F)

Registry

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55
Q

What registry Run Software is used when a user logs in?

Registry

A

Either HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run or HKU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run

Registry

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56
Q

What are commonly used pieces of persistent malware used on the registry?

Registry

A

Using the Autorun utility from Sysinternals to find software that is set to start from this location

Registry

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57
Q

What are some of the ways that you can make the Windows Command Interpreter autorun a command when you start cmd.exe? (Name one of the three)

Registry

A

To set up the autorun when you launch cmd.ex: Create the REG_SZ value AutoRun with the data “wmic qfe list” (When you launch cmd.exe - you’ll be presented with a list of installed hotfixes) — To create a DoS either create theREG_SZ value AutoRun with the data exit (When you launch the cmd.exe - it will immediately close) — Or Create the REG_SZ value AutoRun with the data start cmd.exe (When you launch cmd.exe - it will launch cmd.exe, which will launch cmd.exe, which will launch more instance of cmd.exe until it crashes)

Registry

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58
Q

What is the value and data for the path HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor ?

Registry

A

Value = AutoRun : Data = command (that exists in the PATH variable) or filepath to a program

Registry

59
Q

What does the cmd.exe executable launch?

Registry

A

Windows Command Interpreter

Registry

60
Q

What Sysinternals tools are used to simplify the registry’s ability to delete a file that can’t be removed while the system is running, to delete system files on reboot to brick your system, and to allows malware to reboot a system and remove itself to cover your tracks?

Registry

A

movefile and pendmoves

Registry

61
Q

What is the path HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Exclusions\Paths used for?

Registry

A

It is the exclusion location for Windows Defender

Registry

62
Q

What is the value and data for the path HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Exclusions\Paths ?

Registry

A

Value = Absolute Filepath to a folder : Data = REG_DWORD 0x0

Registry

63
Q

How do you access the Windows Command Interpreter (RunAs Admin)?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Go to c: \Windows\System32\cmd.exe : tab complete enabled

Microsoft Command Interpreter

64
Q

What retains case sensitivity in Windows Command Interpreter?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Objects (files, folders and registry items to name a few)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

65
Q

What is an absolute path?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

The entire path, starting with the root partition letter (i.e c:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

66
Q

What is a relative path?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

The path relative to the current directory

Microsoft Command Interpreter

67
Q

What is the definition of command arguments?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

A predefined value, specified during the command’s programming, which causes the command to work differently than it would without the specified argument

Microsoft Command Interpreter

68
Q

What is the Help argument used for?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

To ask the system more about a specific command

Microsoft Command Interpreter

69
Q

What is the Double Quote and Escape necessary for?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

To use metacharacters for their literal meanings

Microsoft Command Interpreter

70
Q

What is the escape character?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

”^” = caret

Microsoft Command Interpreter

71
Q

What does the WIldcard represent?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

It can mean any character that can be used in conjunction with whatever you type out (i.e. .exe = all files with an “exe” extension ; Win = all files with”Win” ; . = all files)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

72
Q

What is the wildcard character?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A
  • = star

Microsoft Command Interpreter

73
Q

What are the three defined handlers?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Standard IN (STDIN) = 0, Standard OUT (STDOUT) = 1, and Standard ERROR (STDERR) = 2

Microsoft Command Interpreter

74
Q

What is Standard IN?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Input from the the Keyboard

Microsoft Command Interpreter

75
Q

What is Standard OUT?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

The output from the Terminal

Microsoft Command Interpreter

76
Q

What is Standard ERROR?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Send an error to the Terminal

Microsoft Command Interpreter

77
Q

How is Input Redirection done?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

< = less than bracket, crocodile/alligator opening its mouth to the right, bracket open on the right, (whatever you like to say)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

78
Q

What is Input Redirection used for?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

To get info from a file instead of the keyboard

Microsoft Command Interpreter

79
Q

How is Output Redirection done?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

> = greater than bracket, crocodile/alligator mouth open to the left, bracket open to the left, (like I said whatever you call it)
or&raquo_space; = two of these thingies

Microsoft Command Interpreter

80
Q

What are the two uses of Output redirection

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

> is used to overwrite info in the destination and&raquo_space; is used to append info in the destination

Microsoft Command Interpreter

81
Q

What are Streams?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Basic Input/Output that can be redirected if wanted

Microsoft Command Interpreter

82
Q

What are Pipes?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Redirects to the STDOUT to piped command

Microsoft Command Interpreter

83
Q

What is the purpose of the echo command?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Displays messages to the terminal

Microsoft Command Interpreter

84
Q

Can you use Input Redirection operators to gather information about a file using echo?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

NO, you can use output redirection operators to create new files with the specified text

Microsoft Command Interpreter

85
Q

What does the systeminfo command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Shows OS configs, service pack, and hotfix information of local or remote systems

Microsoft Command Interpreter

86
Q

What does the set command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Without specifying any arguments, this command displays all environment variables that have been set

Microsoft Command Interpreter

87
Q

What does the dir command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Displays what is in a directory

Microsoft Command Interpreter

88
Q

What will dir not show by default?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Read only files/folders, hidden files/folders, and system files/folders

Microsoft Command Interpreter

89
Q

What do the chdir or cd commands do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Changes the user to a specified directory

Microsoft Command Interpreter

90
Q

What do the mkdir or md commands do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Makes new directories

Microsoft Command Interpreter

91
Q

How many directories can the mkdir/md commands make at once?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

As many as necessary for the project

Microsoft Command Interpreter

92
Q

What do the rmdir or rd commands do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Removes the specified directory

Microsoft Command Interpreter

93
Q

What can be considered a shortcoming for the rmdir/rm commands?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

It will not remove directories that are empty by default

Microsoft Command Interpreter

94
Q

What does the more command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Displays the output of a file and can be piped

Microsoft Command Interpreter

95
Q

How can you manipulate the more command?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Will print one screen at a time with “Space” ; will print one line at a time with “Enter”

Microsoft Command Interpreter

96
Q

What does the copy command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Copy files from one location to another

Microsoft Command Interpreter

97
Q

How can xcopy be used to advance the function of the copy command?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

It has the ability to copy directories, file attributes and the ownership information of a given file

Microsoft Command Interpreter

98
Q

What does the move command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

It moves a file from one location to another

Microsoft Command Interpreter

99
Q

What do the Rename/Ren commands do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Renames a file. it’s pretty self explanatory

Microsoft Command Interpreter

100
Q

What does the type command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Displays the contents of text files to the terminal

Microsoft Command Interpreter

101
Q

What does the find command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Searches for strings in files or the output of a command, however it does not use regular expression syntax

Microsoft Command Interpreter

102
Q

What does the del command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Deletes a file

Microsoft Command Interpreter

103
Q

What does the attrib command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

View and modify a files attributes

Microsoft Command Interpreter

104
Q

What does the sort command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Sorts from A-Z by default

Microsoft Command Interpreter

105
Q

What does the icacls command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) of files or folders, allows editing of inheritance of permissions, allows changing of ownership, and allows the saving of ACLs for later use

Microsoft Command Interpreter

106
Q

What does the takeown command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Forces ownership change on files/folders

Microsoft Command Interpreter

107
Q

What does the tasklist command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Allows you to view the processes that are running

Microsoft Command Interpreter

108
Q

What does the taskkill command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Terminates processes based on the PID or the IMAGENAME

Microsoft Command Interpreter

109
Q

What does the schtasks command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Create, delete, query, change, run and end scheduled tasks on a local or remote system

Microsoft Command Interpreter

110
Q

What doe the sc query / queryex commands do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Lists all active services by default

Microsoft Command Interpreter

111
Q

What does the sc qc command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Queries the configuration of a service (must have service name to use)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

112
Q

What does the sc config command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Changes the configuration settings for services by using the service key name as an argument and it requires at least one other option to be specified

Microsoft Command Interpreter

113
Q

What does sc getdisplayname do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Gets the display name of a service when you only know the service key name

Microsoft Command Interpreter

114
Q

What is the counterpart to sc getdisplayname and gathers the need the service key name but you only know the display name?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

sc getkeyname

Microsoft Command Interpreter

115
Q

What do sc start and sc stop do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Start and stop a service using the service name

Microsoft Command Interpreter

116
Q

What does the net start command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Net start = starts a specified service using either the display name or the key name (if no arguments are used it lists the names of all running services)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

117
Q

What does net stop do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Stops running services

Microsoft Command Interpreter

118
Q

What does net user do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Allows creating or modifying user accounts

Microsoft Command Interpreter

119
Q

What does the net localgroup command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Allows managing of local group accounts

Microsoft Command Interpreter

120
Q

What does the net group command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Allows managing of domain group accounts

Microsoft Command Interpreter

121
Q

What does the net share command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Manages the local resources to share with other users

Microsoft Command Interpreter

122
Q

What does the net use command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Connects a computer to a shared resource or disconnects a computer from a shared resource (when used without options, will list the computer’s connections)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

123
Q

What does ipconfig do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Displays the network adapter information (IP, Subnet and Default Gateway)

Microsoft Command Interpreter

124
Q

What does the ping command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Sends for ICMP requests and waits for a response to see if the specified system is up

Microsoft Command Interpreter

125
Q

What does the tracert command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Traces each hop (next route interface) between the source and destination IPs

Microsoft Command Interpreter

126
Q

What does the netstat command do?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

Displays the protocol and ethernet statistics and the current TCP/IP connections

Microsoft Command Interpreter

127
Q

What is the Alternate Data Stream identifier?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

$Data

Microsoft Command Interpreter

128
Q

What is the recursive argument’s most common switch?

Microsoft Command Interpreter

A

\s

Microsoft Command Interpreter

129
Q

What are the uses for scripting?

Batch Scripting

A

To automate tasks that are repetitive, need to be run on several computers, or may take a while

Batch Scripting

130
Q

What is the @ symbol used for in regards to scripting?

Batch Scripting

A

It is used so that the output of the script is the only thing printed to the terminal

Batch Scripting

131
Q

What are the use cases for REM?

Batch Scripting

A

For comments in your script

Batch Scripting

132
Q

To make a batch script, you should save a text file as ____ ?

Batch Scripting

A

A .bat file

Batch Scripting

133
Q

How do you execute a batch script?

Batch Scripting

A

Enter in the absolute or relative path to it

Batch Scripting

134
Q

What are batch parameters?

Batch Scripting

A

Arguments specified at the command-line

Batch Scripting

135
Q

What are the variables available for use and what are their use cases?

Batch Scripting

A

%0-%9 ; %0 is the name of the script and each sequential variable is the repective argument (i.e. %1 = the first argument, %2 = the second argument, etc…)

Batch Scripting

136
Q

What are variables and how are they assigned?

Batch Scripting

A

They are used to store values and are assigned using the = character

Batch Scripting

137
Q

How are variables accessed?

Batch Scripting

A

Using the % character

Batch Scripting

138
Q

What are setlocal and endlocal used for in scripting?

Batch Scripting

A

They make all variables local to the script

Batch Scripting

139
Q

Where are setlocal and endlocal placed?

Batch Scripting

A

Setlocal is placed at the beginning od a script, just after @echo. Endlocal is placed at the end of a script

Batch Scripting

140
Q

What is a good programming practice to abide by when refering to endlocal?

Batch Scripting

A

To specify endlocal even though it is implied by default

Batch Scripting

141
Q

What is necessary when using variables within loops or nested statments when refering to scripting?

Batch Scripting

A

ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION

Batch Scripting

142
Q

What is the difference between Assignment and Comparison Operators?

Batch Scripting

A

Assignment is used to place value into a vaiable whilst comparison evaluates to see if two things are the same

Batch Scripting

143
Q

Name the assignment operators and what they are used for (at least three)

Batch Scripting

A

= (puts the value on the right and the variable on the left) ;
+ (increase the variable on the left by the amount indicated on the right) ;
- (Decrease the variable on the left by the amount indicated on the right) ;
* (multiply the variable on the left by the amount indicated on the right) ;
\ (divide the variable on the left by the amount indicated on the right)

Batch Scripting

144
Q

How does the comparison operator functions?

Batch Scripting

A

It performs an operation dependig on the operators definition (Returns T/F)

Batch Scripting

145
Q

How would you use the comparison operator to compare two strings?

Batch Scripting

A

==

Batch Scripting

146
Q

What are the integer comparison operators?

Batch Scripting

A

EQU (are the two equal)
NEQ (are the two different)
LSS (is x less than y)
LEQ (is x less than or equal to y)
GTR (is x greater than y)
GEQ (is x greater than or equal to y)

Batch Scripting

147
Q

How do if statements function?

Batch Scripting

A

If statement is true, performs a given set of actions and vice versa

Batch Scripting

148
Q

How do sequential if statements function?

Batch Scripting

A

Same as if statements however mutiple possible outcomes may be defined

Batch Scripting

Cyber (2 decks)

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