Block 1 Questions

Question 1

A lactone is a cyclized ______.

Answer 1

Ester (formed by intramolecular transesterification)

Question 2

A lactam is a cyclized ______.

Answer 2

Amide

Question 3

What kind of substrate would you use in a reaction to achieve the kinetic enolate product as opposed to the thermodynamic enolate? Under what conditions is the kinetic enolate favored?

Answer 3

Bulky base

Kinetic enolate is favored at low temperatures

Question 4

Which has more substituted double bonds, thermodynamic or kinetic enolate?

Answer 4

Thermodynamic enolate

Question 5

Why is the kinetic enolate able to form with a lower activation energy, what does this determine about the product stability?

Answer 5

Lower activation energy but forms a less stable product

Formed quickly because the alpha hydrogens (more acidic) and more easily removed

Question 6

Sucrose is composed of which 2 sugars? These sugars are joined by which linkage?

Answer 6

Glucose + Fructose

1’1 glycosidic bond

Question 7

What is the purpose of a Michael addition?

Answer 7

We want to add an enolate nucleophile to an alkene in order to add 2 aldehydes, 2 ketones or an aldehyde to a ketone

Question 8

What is the rate determining step of an SN1 reaction?

Answer 8

Stability of the carbocation that is formed (most stable if on a tertiary substituted carbon)

Question 9

In which type of rxn mech (SN1 or SN2) is an inversion of configuration observed? Is the absolute or relative configuration changing?

Answer 9

SN2 - inversion occurs when the carbon is attacked by the nucleophile at the opposite side of the plane 
Relative config (R/S) CHANGES but the absolute config (L/D) might or might NOT change 
****SN1 may have carbon skeleton arrangement but SN2 never rearranges carbon skeleton

Question 10

Polar protic solvents favor (SN1 or SN2) reactions whereas polar aprotic solvents favor (SN1 or SN2)? Why?

Answer 10

Polar protic = SN1 because they participate in H bonding and can stabilize the carbocation and the nucleophile (we don’t want the nuc to be stabilized in SN2 rxns)
Polar aprotic = SN2 b/c they DONT H bond

Question 11

Label the following groups with the respective filled PEL subshells in their electron configuration?

a) Alkali + Alkali earth metals
b) Transition Metals
c) Metals/Nonmetals and Halogens

Answer 11

a) s
b) s and d
c) s and p

Question 12

For a convex lens if the object distance is in between 2f and f would you expect the image to be real/virtual or enlarged/reduced?

Answer 12

Real and enlarged

Question 13

Violet light is emitted at ____ wavelength and Red light is emitted at ____ wavelength

Answer 13

Violet = 400 nm
Red = 700 nm

Question 14

What are 3 major assumptions of Michaelis Menten Kinetics?

Answer 14

1) initial velocity is measured under steady state conditions
2) Solution pH remains constant at all substrate conc
3) [E] ««««&laquo_space;[S]

Question 15

What is indicated by the kcat?

Answer 15

Tells us how many substrate molecules are converted into product by a single active site per unit time
kcat = vmax/ [E]

Question 16

If an object is moving in the same direction at the same speed as the detector what is f’ relative to f?

Answer 16

f’ and f are the same and there is NO Doppler effect because the relative velocity is zero

Question 17

How is resistivity related to conductivity?

Answer 17

Resistivity and conductivity are inversely proportional

Question 18

What are 3 formulas to express the energy stored in capacitors?

Answer 18

U = (1/2) Q*V 
U = (1/2) C * V^2
U = (1/2) Q^2/C

Question 19

If a sound wave moves into a different medium which of the following factors will NOT change?

a) wavelength
b) frequency
c) amplitude
d) wave speed

Answer 19

frequency of the sound wave will not change in the new medium

Question 20

Which 3 aspects of molecular structure determine whether or not a mol will act as an acid (by releasing H+ in solution)?

Answer 20

1) Strength of the bond holding the H
2) Polarity of the bond
3) Stability of the conjugate base

Question 21

What is indicated by the half equivalence point of a titration curve?

Answer 21

Is the point where exactly half of the acid has been neutralized by base (conc at which acid = conc of conjugate base)

Question 22

Log values:

Answer 22

log(1) = 0
log(2) = 0.3
log(3) = 0.48
log(4) = 0.6
log(5) = 0.7
log(6) = 0.78
log(7) =  0.85
log(8) = 0.9
log(9) = 0.95
log (10) = 1

Question 23

What does it mean to use counterbalancing in an experimental set up?

Answer 23

A method to control for any effect that the order of presenting stimuli might have on the dependent variable

Question 24

What is a negative symptom in a psychological disorder?

Answer 24

Negative symptoms are defined as the absence of appropriate behaviors and emotion (i.e. emotional flattening in schitzophrenia)

Question 25

What is negative priming?

Answer 25

Is an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus

Question 26

What is priming?

Answer 26

Change in response towards a stimulus due to a subconscious memory effect

Question 27

What is an unrealistic belief or attitude that is firmly held in the absence of evidence?

Answer 27

Delusion

Question 28

What are neuroleptic antipsychotics designed to treat?

Answer 28

Treat the positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, agitation) of schizophrenia

Question 29

If a molecule is tagged for ubiquination, which enzyme acts to degrade it?

Answer 29

Proteosome

Question 30

GAPDH is an enzyme that catalyzes which reversible reaction of glycolysis?

Answer 30

catalyzes the reversible conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Question 31

List at least 5 types of postranslational modifcations of proteins:

Answer 31

• Phosphorylation
• Glycosylation
• cleavage of peptide bonds (propeptide synthesis by removing start Met codon)
• Lipidation
• Acetylation/Deacetylation
• Methylation

Question 32

What is RT PCR?

Answer 32

Reverse transcription PCR, or RT-PCR, allows the use of RNA as a template. An additional step allows the detection and amplification of RNA. The RNA is reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA), using reverse transcriptase.

Question 33

Schwann cells, PNS or CNS?

Answer 33

PNS!

Question 34

Oligodendrocytes, PNS or CNS?

Answer 34

CNS!

Question 35

Would you expect a frameshift mutation in the open reading frame to change the N-terminus or C-terminus of the protein?

Answer 35

C-terminus

Question 36

Microtubules within the cell originate from which cellular structure?

Answer 36

Centrosome

Question 37

Where in the male reproductive system does sperm become motile?

Answer 37

Epididymis

Question 38

As people age, would you expect fluid intelligence to remain constant or decline?

Answer 38

Decline

**Crystallized intelligence improves with age

Question 39

What is correspondance bias?

Answer 39

The tendency to make dispositional attributes when we should make a situational attribution.