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Microbiology > Block 1 - Microorganisms > Flashcards

Block 1 - Microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis is the replication characteristic of what type of cell?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells replicate in what way?

A

Binary fission (membrane attachment)

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3
Q

Energy production within a eukaryote occurs in what specialized organelle?

A

the mitochondria

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does a prokaryote possess?

What is the shape?

A

one; circular

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5
Q

Parasitic worms, protozoa, algae, and fungi are considered eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

What microorganism is classified separately and not as an official kingdom of living organisms?

A

Viruses

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7
Q

What is a significant surface molecule against which antibodies are made and which can be used for identification?

A

Antigen

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8
Q

Definition: Organisms possessing a major antigen that may be common to more than one species of the genus.

A

Antigenic Group

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9
Q

Definition: Organisms possessing a specific antigen that is common to only very limited, closely related organisms.

A

Antigenic Type

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10
Q

What is the term that is defined as a single cell organism without a formed nucleus (no nuclear mebrane) or organelles such as possessed by higher organisms.

A

Prokaryote (prokaryotic cell)

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11
Q

Cell size in “typical” bacteria is:
Diameter: about _____ to ____ um, some up to __ um
Length: about __ to ___ um; most about __ to __ um

A

diameter: about .5 to .8 um, some up to 1.5 um
length: about 1 to 6 um; most about 1 to 2 um

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12
Q

Definition: The external (physical) appearance of the cell, colony, or other item.

A

morphology

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13
Q

When cells are stained Gram-positive, what are the colors?

A

blue to purple

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14
Q

When cells are stained Gram-negative, what are the colors?

A

pink to red

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15
Q

What are the general cell shapes of these cells:

  1. ) Coccus
  2. ) Bacillus
  3. ) Coccobacillus
  4. ) Coryneform or diphteroid
  5. ) Pleomorphic
  6. ) Spirochete or spirillum
A
  1. ) Coccus - spherical
  2. ) Bacillus - rod or cylindrical
  3. ) Coccobacillus - short, plump bacillus which resembles coccus
  4. ) Coryneform or diphteroid - club shaped or chinese letter shape resembling diphteroid bacillus
  5. ) Pleomorphic - an organism that common has various distinct forms
  6. ) Spirochete or spirillum - sprial or corkscrew shape
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16
Q

What is the general shape of coccobacillus?

A

short, plump bacillus that resembles coccus

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17
Q

With regard to cell arrangement, a single cell has what kind of arrangement?

A

no particular arrangement

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18
Q

What type of cell arrangement is divided on one plane with daughter cells that remain paired?

A

pairs

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19
Q

What type of cellular arrangement has division along a singular plane, perpendicular to the long axis of the chain with cells that remain attached “end to end”?

A

chains

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20
Q

What type of cellular arrangement has division along three planes?

A

Clusters

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21
Q

What type of cellular arrangement can be described as a “picket fence”; with division on one plane perpendicular to the short axis of the chain?

A

Palisades

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22
Q

The “palisades” cellular arrangement only occur in what type of cell shape?

A

Bacilli

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23
Q

Within the structure of bacterial cells, what is the term for the thick, aqueous, and elastic material within the cell wall?

A

the cytoplasm

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24
Q

What structure within a bacterial cell is composed of cell sap and genetic material and mechanisms?

A

the cytoplasm

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25
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

metabolism and replication

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26
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane is composed of what percentage of dry weight of the cell?

A

8-10%

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27
Q

The phospholipid bilayer is composed of _________ “heads” and _________ “tails” that influence movement of aqueous materials through the cellular membrane?

A

hydrophillic; hydrophobic

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28
Q

What is the term that describes proteins that form channels through which large molecules can pass?

A

Porins

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29
Q

True or False: Within the cytoplasmic membrane, some proteins can function as enzymes.

A

True

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30
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane controls transport of most compounds entering and leaving the cell with what type of permeability?

A

selective permeability

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31
Q

Within a bacterial cell, the cytoplasmic membrane is the site of what production?

A

energy

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32
Q

Peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and outer membrane components are synthesized and transported in this cellular structure.

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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33
Q

Where does the secretion of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes occur?

A

the cytoplasmic membrane

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34
Q

True or False: The cell wall functions to/as:
A.) provide shape and rigidity
B.) provides protection from the environment and from some antimicrobic agents
C.) site of antibody attachment to major cell antigens

A

True

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35
Q

Within the structure of a GRAM-POSITIVE cell wall, peptidoglycan makes up what percentage?

A

60-80%

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36
Q

What molecule strands connect to the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

teichoic acid

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37
Q

What layer within a GRAM NEGATIVE cell wall creates a periplasmic space between peptidoglycan and the “outer membrane”?

A

the lipoprotein layer

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38
Q

In a GRAM-NEGATIVE cell, what do the phospholipid bilayer, pore proteins, and lipopolysaccharides make?

A

the “outer membrane” of the cell wall

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39
Q

What is a lipid with repeating units of various combinations of multiple carbohydrates?

A

a lipopolysaccharide

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40
Q

Within a GRAM NEGATIVE cell wall, what percentage of peptidoglycan is between what range?

A

10-20%

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41
Q

Within the bacterial cell, what structure composition has concentrated, dehydrated, and densely packed nucleic acids and metabolic proteins within a thick spore coat?

A

an endospore

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42
Q

Within a bacterial cell, what structure functions to survive adverse environmental conditions; resisting heat, chemicals, and irradiation?

A

an endospore

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43
Q

What is the bacterial cell structure that may also be referred to as the glycocalyx or slime layer?

A

the cell capsule

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44
Q

In a bacterial cell, the capsule is made up from what type of compound?

A

polysaccharides

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45
Q

What bacterial cell structure has the function(s) described below:

a. ) resistant to phagocytosis
b. ) may “hide” surface antigens
c. ) sometimes assists in attachment (such as dental plaque)

A

the bacterial cell capsule

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46
Q

What is the term for the long, slender threadlike appendage several times the length of the cell?

A

flagellum

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47
Q

What is the function of the fimbriae?

A

To aid in facilitating bacterial attachment to appropriate cells

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48
Q

What type of bacterial cell moves by means of axial filaments that cause a corkscrew motion?

A

spirochetes

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49
Q

What is the term for the bundles of fibrils arising at ends of cell beneath outer sheath and spiral around the cell?

A

axial filaments

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50
Q

What is the term for the short, thin, threatdlike glycoprotein strands protruding from the cell?

A

fimbriae

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51
Q

What is the term for the specialized fimbriae which lengthen and are involved in DNA transfer during conjugation?

A

sex pili

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52
Q

What is the term for an organism which utilizes non-living organic matter?

A

saprophyte

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53
Q

What is the term for an organism which lives in or on a host organism from which it secures some advantage such as deriving organic nutrients from a living host?

A

parasite

54
Q

What is the term for an organism that have elaborate requirements for specific nutrients which they cannot synthesize?

A

fastidious

55
Q

What is the term for the various organic compounds such as hemin, specific amino acids, vitamins, etc. which fastidious organisms are unable to synthesize but with which they must be supplied; often results from the lack of genes for certain metabolic enzymes?

A

growth factors

56
Q

What is the term for a growth-supporting substance taken by a cell from its environment and used in metabolic activities?

A

nutrient

57
Q

Within oxygen utilization categories, what type of bacteria requires atmospheric oxygen (~21%)?

A

aerobic bacteria

58
Q

Within oxygen utilization categories, what bacteria requires reduced oxygen concentration (5-10%)?

A

microaerophilic

59
Q

Within oxygen utilization categories, what bacteria requires the absence of oxygen?

A

anaerobic

60
Q

Within oxygen utilization categories, what bacteria can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen?

A

facultative

61
Q

What is the optimal temperature for medically significant bacteria?

A

35*C

62
Q

What is the optimal pH level for medically significant bacteria?

A

6.8 to 7.4

63
Q

What is the optimal humidity for medically significant bacteria?

A

60-80%

64
Q

What is the optimal CO2 for medically significant bacteria?

A

Most do not require it but some need 5-7% CO2

65
Q

What is the term for the material in/on which bacteria grow in the laboratory; contains organic nutrients, water, and possibly other ingredients that help enrich for or select for certain types of bacteria?

A

culture media

66
Q

What is the term for a clump of a few million identical bacteria originating from the same bacterium?

A

colony

67
Q

What is the typical diameter of a bacteria colony?

A

1-3mm

68
Q

What typical/common culture media provides a “solid” surface for bacterial growth?

A

agar

69
Q

What are the size of “Atypical” bacteria?

A

.1 to .3 um

70
Q

True or False: “Atypical” bacteria are metabolically limited with modified cell structures, if present, and complicated or modified reproductive method.

A

True

71
Q

What does laboratory cultivation require with regard to growth of bacteria?

A

It requires a living host or specially enriched media (agar)

72
Q

Molds and yeasts are classified as what?

A

Fungi

73
Q

What can be described as a single cell organism with an oval or spherical shape that can reproduce by budding new cells from an existing cell or by spore formation with a size of 4 to 15um diameter?

A

Yeast

74
Q

In molds, what are described as multicellular, long filamentous cells that branch and intertwine?

A

hyphae

75
Q

Molds reproduce by forming _______ on reproductive _________.

A

spores; hyphae

76
Q

What term describes a visible mass of myphae (may be cottony, velvety, fluffy or leathery)?

A

mycelium (pl: mycelia)

77
Q

What is added to the artificial media to be able to inhibit bacterial growth during longer periods of fungi cultivation in the laboratory?

A

antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth

78
Q

Respectively, how many days does yeast and mold take to colonize?
yeast:
mold:

A

Yeast: 2 to 5 days
Mold: 5 to 21 days

79
Q

A virus contains how many types of nucleic acid?

A

One (RNA or DNA-not both)

80
Q

What are unaffected by most antibiotics?

A

viruses

81
Q

What two structures does an enveloped virus contain that is not present in a non-enveloped virus?

A

envelope and antigen spikes

82
Q

What is the term for a complete, fully developed individual virus particle?

A

virion

83
Q

The core of a virus are composed of what?

A

nucleic acid (RNA or DNA-but not both)

84
Q

A virus capsid is composed of what type of molecule?

A

protein

85
Q

What is the term for capsid protein molecules that are aligned closely to the shape of the nucleic acid spiral?

A

helical

86
Q

What is the term for the capsid protein molecules that are arranged in groups that form a shape similar to a soccer ball?

A

icosahedral

87
Q

The role of proteins of the capsid are to serve as ________ in infection and as a site for attachment.

A

antigens

88
Q

The virus envelope, that is not present in some viruses, is composed of a ______ ________ that has ___________ that are the site(s) for attachment and serve as antigens.

A

lipid bilayer; glycoproteins

89
Q

The lipid bilayer of the virus envelope provides what from the environment?

A

general protection

90
Q

What is the “scientific name” for a bacterial virus?

A

bacteriophage

91
Q

What are the terms for the two structures that makeup the head of a bacteriophage?

A

core and capsid

92
Q

What are the terms for the three structures that makeup the tail of the bacteriophage?

A

sheath, tail fibers, and base with enzymatic pins

93
Q

The core of the bacteriophage is made of _______ while the capsid is made of ___________.

A

nucleic acid (genetic material); protective protein

94
Q

What is the column of protein which connects the head to the base and reconfigures into a tube when the virus attaches to a bacterium?

A

The sheath of the tail

95
Q

In viruses, where are protein fibers with polysaccharide tips which help in determining the attachment site on bacterial cells?

A

tail fibers

96
Q

What structures punch a hole in the bacterial cell wall through which the viral nucleic acid can enter?

A

base with enzymatic pins

97
Q

What is released into the cell’s cytoplasm once the capsid is opened during the uncoating of the nucleic acid?

A

viral nucleic acid

98
Q

What is the term for this phase?
In this phase viral nucleic acid is transcribed into mRNA (if needed). The viral mRNA is then translated into viral proteins. These proteins inhibit the hosts synthetic mechanisms and normal host activity. The new nucleic acid copies are produced and the new viral capsids are produced.

A

Eclipse / Synthesis phase

99
Q

In the maturation phase of virus infection, the new viral nucleic acid copies are packaged into new ____ ________.

A

viral capsids

100
Q

What type of viruses bud through the cell membrane In the release phase of virus infection?

A

Enveloped viruses

101
Q

Lysis of the host cell is a characteristic of what type of virus?

A

non-enveloped virus

102
Q

True or False: In enveloped viruses, the virus retains some of the host cell’s membrane as it buds through it.

A

True

103
Q

In non-enveloped viruses, the mature viruses accumulate in large groups awaiting release in what structure of the cell?

A

cytoplasm

104
Q

In non-enveloped viruses, what ruptures the cell membrane thus releasing the viruses?

A

a viral enzyme

105
Q

During what time can the viral genes replicate as if they were normal host DNA after being incorporated and lying dormant?

In bacteria this is referred to as what?

A

latency; lysogeny (lysogenic cycle)

106
Q

What is the isolation and identification time of viral laboratory cultivation?

A

2 days to 4 weeks; depending on the virus

107
Q

What type of organism is characterized as free living organisms found in soil and water feeding on algae, yeast, bacteria and other protozoa?

A

Protozoa!

108
Q

These medically important phyla are classified by their respective method of locomotion.

A

Protozoa

109
Q

Amoebae move by _________, meaning false feet.

A

pseudopodia

110
Q

Flagellates move by ________.

A

flagella

111
Q

Ciliates move by _________.

A

cilia

112
Q

Apicomplexans are also known as _____________ are ___-_______ in their mature form.

A

sporozoas; non-motile

113
Q

The general size of protozoa are ____ um to ____ mm.

A

2 um to 1 mm

114
Q

Protozoan possess what cell morphology?

A

They are pleomorphic

115
Q

How many basic morphological stages do protozoa possess?

A

2 basic stages

116
Q

What are the two morphological stages of protozoa? What is the main characteristic of each?

A

trophozoite: active, vegetative (reproductive), motile, feeding stage and cystic: dormant, nonmotile, nonfeeding stage

117
Q

Which stage in protozoan morphology is responsible for major pathological conditions within the host?

A

Trophozoite

118
Q

What are the two types of reproduction that occur within protozoa?

A

schizogony and conjugation

119
Q

What does the word “schizogony” refer to in the reproductive system of protozoa?

A

Schizogony is the multiple divisions of the nucleus before the cell divides

120
Q

What does the word “conjugation” refer to in the reproductive system of protozoa?

A

Two cells fuse; each cell fertilizing the other, then dividing

121
Q

True or False: Helminths are eukaryotes that are multicellular and generally possess specialized, simple body systems and their locomotion is improved and highly refined.

A

False; Helminths are eukaryotes that are multicellular and generally possess specialized, simple body systems and their locomotion is reduced or lacking.

122
Q

Helminthic organisms are classified into phyla according to what two aspects of their body?

A

morphology (external) and internal structures

123
Q

What are the two sub-groups of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)?

A

trematodes (the flukes) and cestodes (the tapeworms)

124
Q

True or False: Trematodes have a complete alimentary tract that includes the mouth, esophagus, caeca, and anus.

A

False; the alimentary system of trematodes is partial and includes mouth, esophagus, caeca BUT no anus

125
Q

In most trematodes, reproduction is considered ___________ which means there are male and female reproductive structures in the same organism (internal fertilization).

A

monoecious

126
Q

What organisms have one body portion that is non-segmented and “leaf-shaped”?

A

trematodes

127
Q

What organisms have multiple body parts, are segmented with no alimentary tract and also monoecious?

A

Tapeworms

128
Q

What three “general” parts make up cestodes?

A

proglottid(s); scolex and sucker

129
Q

What are the two types of helminths?

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) ; aschelhelminthes (nematodes (true roundworms))

130
Q

True or False: Aschelminthes are unsegmented and cylindrical with a incomplete alimentary tract.

A

False; aschelminthes have a complete alimentary tract

131
Q

True or False: Platyhelminthes are monoecious while aschelhelminthes are dioecious.

A

True

132
Q

What is the term for reproduction in which sexes are separated into male and female worms and fertilization occurs by sexual copulation?

A

Dioecious

Microbiology (9 decks)

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