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AN 711 Gross Anatomy > Block 1 Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Block 1 Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

gray matter

A

collection of neural cell bodies

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3
Q

white matter

A

axons with glial sheath (myelin)

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4
Q

CNS gray matter and white matter

A

gray matter- cortex and nucleus
white matter- pathway (tract, vesicle)

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

neurons outside the CNS, 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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6
Q

PNS gray matter and white matter

A

gray matter- ganglion
white matter- nerve

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7
Q

afferent

A

approaches CNS, sensory, voluntary, pseudo unipolar neuron

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8
Q

efferent

A

exits CNS, motor, involuntary, multipolar neuron

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9
Q

somatic tissues

A

skin, bone, joints, dura, skeletal muscle

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10
Q

visceral tissues

A

glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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11
Q

somatic afferent

A

somatic pain, well localized. sensory. touch, vibration, temp

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12
Q

somatic efferent

A

volitional movement, motor

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13
Q

visceral afferent

A

visceral pain, poorly localized, sensory, dissension of organs, unconscious sensations associated with homeostasis

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14
Q

visceral efferent

A

autonomic NS, motor, modulate glandular secretions and contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle

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15
Q

visceral efferent (ANS) divisions

A

sympathetic- thoracolumbar NS, fight or flight
parasympathetic- craniosacral NS, rest and digest
enteric- modulated by ANS but functions independently

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16
Q

gray matter- ventral horn

A

somatic efferent cell bodies

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17
Q

gray matter- lateral horn

A

visceral efferent cell bodies

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18
Q

gray matter- dorsal horn

A

central processes of afferent neurons synapse

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19
Q

roots and rootlets

A

rootlets from one spinal cord segment merge to form a root
dorsal root from dorsal horn
ventral root from ventral horn

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20
Q

spinal nerve

A

made of one dorsal root and one ventral root that merge to form one spinal nerve
a single pair of spinal nerves represents a single spinal cord segment

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21
Q

rami

A

spinal nerve branches to form dorsal and ventral rami

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22
Q

dorsal rami supplies

A

synovial joints of vertebral column, intrinsic back muscles and overlying skin

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23
Q

ventral rami supplies

A

anterior and lateral regions of trunk and limbs

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24
Q

dorsal root nerve type

A

afferent only

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25
Q

ventral root nerve type

A

efferent

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26
Q

plexus

A

branching network of intersecting nerves

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27
Q

what forms a plexus

A

ventral rami

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28
Q

types of plexuses

A

cervical C1-C4
brachial C5-T1
lumbar L1-L4
lumbosacral L4-S4

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29
Q

dermatome

A

region of skin innervated by somatic afferent fibers of a single spinal nerve
all spinal nerves (except 1) transmit sensory Information from the skin
*where it came from

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30
Q

myotome

A

muscle mass innervated by somatic efferent fibers of a single nerve, most muscles are innervated by more than one spinal nerve

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31
Q

cutaneous nerves

A

peripheral nerves to skin
cutaneous territory of a peripheral nerve is region of skin supplied by that nerve
*how it got there

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32
Q

enlargements of the spinal cord

A

cervical C4-T1– upper limb innervation
lumbar L1-S2– lower limb innervation

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33
Q

conus medullaris

A

tapered caudal tip
S2-coccygeal spinal cord segments
located at L1/L2 vertebral level

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34
Q

cauda equina

A

looks like a horse tail
spinal nerve roots from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris

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35
Q

filum terminale

A

not a nerve
anchors inferior end of spinal cord (tip of conus medularis) to the coccyx
filum terminale internum- from pia
filum terminale externum- from dura

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36
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, innermost layer
adherent to brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots

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37
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

formed from pia mater
lateral extension of pia mater, tooth like
attaches pia to arachnoid and dura
provides support for spinal cord

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38
Q

arachnoid mater

A

delicate, middle layer, looks like spider webs
encloses the subarachnoid space- filled with CSF
arachnoid trabecular connect arachnoid and pia

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39
Q

dura mater

A

tough, outermost layer
forms dural root sleeve which blend with epineurium
subdural space- potential space btw dura and arachnoid

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40
Q

lumbar cistern

A

enlargement of subarachnoid space
extends from conus medullaris to end of dura mater and subarachnoid space
contains CSF, cauda equina, and filum terminale internum
location of lumbar punctures- subarachnoid for CSF and epidural space for anesthetic

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41
Q

functions of bone

A

support, protection, movement of body, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production

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42
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

provides stiff but flexible support
reduces friction between bony surfaces
articular surfaces of joints

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43
Q

elastic cartilage

A

provides support but tolerates distortion
epiglottis and ear

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44
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

resists compression
limits relative movement
intervertebral disc

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45
Q

fibrous joint

A

amount of movement depends on fiber length
sutures of skull and between ulna and radius
*made of fibrous connective tissue

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46
Q

primary cartilaginous joint

A

permits growth of long bones and allows slight bending
*made of hyaline cartilage

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47
Q

secondary cartilaginous joint

A

strong, slightly mobile and located at midline of body *contains fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

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48
Q

synovial joint

A

most common, nearly all joints of the limbs, allow significant mobility, synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes
*contains synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and joint capsule

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49
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary
movement of body, maintenance of posture, communication, respiration, maintenance of body heat

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50
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary
constriction of hallow organs and vessels
arrestor pili- raise hair

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51
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary contraction of heart

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52
Q

reflexive contraction

A

autonomic, not voluntarily controlled

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53
Q

tonic contraction

A

slight contraction assisting stability of joints and maintaining posture

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54
Q

phasic contraction- isometric

A

muscle length remains the same

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55
Q

phasic contraction- isotonic

A

muscle length changes to produce movement
concentric- muscle shortens
eccentric- progressive relaxation/lengthening of contracted muscle

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56
Q

prime mover/agonist

A

main muscle responsible for movement

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57
Q

synergist

A

complements action of prime mover

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58
Q

antagonist

A

opposes action of prime mover to produce smooth movement

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59
Q

fixator

A

fixes position of proximal limb while distal limb moves

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60
Q

subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia

A

deep to skin
loose ct- contains fat, cutaneous nerves, and vessels

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61
Q

deep fascia

A

surrounds all muscles, divides compartments, invests individual muscles and neurovascular bundles

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62
Q

cutaneous nerves

A

mixed afferent and efferent

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63
Q

preganglionic cell bodies

A

found in the lateral horn of gray matter

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64
Q

sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

A

T1-L2

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65
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

A

S2-S4

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66
Q

no preganglionic cell bodies

A

above T1, between L2 and S2, and below S4

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67
Q

sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies

A

found in para or pre vertebral ganglion
sympathetic chain- series of connected ganglia, on either side of vertebral column(para) or above aorta (pre)

68
Q

pathway of sympathetic nerve- skin

A

originate at T1-L2
synapse at paravertebral ganglion
dermatomes C2-S5
peripheral NS- preganglionic axons synapse on ganglia of sympathetic chain either same level, above T1, and below L2

postganglionic axons travel in gray rami in spinal nerve, dorsal or ventral rami in cutaneous branches to visceral branches

69
Q

pathway of sympathetic nerve- head, neck, thoracic viscera

A

originate at T1-T4
synapse at paravertebral ganglion
head and neck viscera- preganglionic axons ascend chain and synapse on cervical ganglia
postganglionic axons follow blood vessels
thoracic viscera-
preganglionic axons synapse on ganglia of the same level or ascend
postganglionic axons travel in splanchnic nerves through cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

70
Q

pathway of sympathetic nerve- abdominal viscera

A

originate at T5-L2
synapse at pre vertebral ganglia
peripheral NS-
preganglionic- axons pass through chain without synapsing, exit chain in splanchnic nerves, descend to abdomen, synapse at pre vertebral ganglia
postganglionic- axons follow blood vessels to targets
foregut-celiac trunk, midgut- superior mesenteric artery, hindgut- interior mesenteric artery

71
Q

pathway of sympathetic nerve- pelvic viscera

A

originate at T12-L2
synapse on ganglia in hypogastric plexus
peripheral NS-
preganglionic- axons pass through without synapsing, exit chain in splanchnic nerve, synapse on hypogastric plexus
postganglionic- axons in plexus follow blood vessels or directly innervate organs

72
Q

axial vs apendicular skeleton

A

apendicular- contains upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle
axial- contains skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

73
Q

viscerocranium

A

facial skeleton made up of lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, vomer, nasal conchae, ethmoid

74
Q

neurocranium

A

brain case made up of frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, temporal, and ethmoid

75
Q

normal curvatures of the back

A

lordosis- cervical and lumbar curve, secondary curvature
kyphosis- thoracic curve, primary curvature

76
Q

hyperlordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curvature
likely to happen during pregnancy

77
Q

hyperkyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature
likely to happen with old age

78
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral exaggerations of curvatures
can be cervical, thoracic, or lumbar (one area)
can be thoracolumbar- same direction or combined- opposite direction (combination of areas)

79
Q

functions of vertebrae

A

protection of spinal cord- vertebral arch and body
movement- transverse and spinous process and articular processes
support of body weight- body

80
Q

cervical vertebrae characteristics

A

bifid spinous process
transverse foramen
atlas– A/P tubercle, A/P arch, no body, facet for dens
axis– dens

80
Q

cervical vertebrae characteristics

A

bifid spinous process
transverse foramen
atlas– A/P tubercle, A/P arch, no body, facet for dens
axis– dens

81
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

costal facets- attach to ribs
looks like a giraffe

82
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

looks like a moose
large body

83
Q

intervertebral disc function

A

help support body weight and absorb shock

84
Q

intervertebral disc

A

discs have resilient deformity- can compress and change shape

85
Q

changes in intervertebral disc

A

composition of disc changes- loss of water from nucleus pulpous and lamellae thicken
IV disk can herniate and compress spinal nerve root- affects nerve roots of higher #
bony lesions can compress spinal cord and roots

86
Q

intervertebral joints

A

secondary cartilaginous joint
made of 2 vertebral bodies an IV disc
small movements in all directions

87
Q

zygapophysial/facet joing

A

synovial joint
made of 2 facets of vertebrae at different levels
direction depends on orientation of process

88
Q

orientation of articular facets- cervical

A

oblique orientation
good flexion/extension
good roation

89
Q

orientation of articular facets- thoracic

A

coronal
limited flexion/extension
good rotation

90
Q

orientation of articular facets- lumbar

A

sagittal orientation
good flexion/extension
limited/absent rotation

91
Q

Atlanta-occipital joints

A

between occipital bone and atlas
craniocervical flexion/extension
lateral flexion/bending
rotation of head

92
Q

first layer of trunk muscles

A

innermost intercostal
transversus abdominis

93
Q

second layer of trunk muscles

A

internal intercostal
internal oblique

94
Q

third layer of trunk muscles

A

external intercostal
external oblique

95
Q

intercostal muscles

A

accessory breathing muscles

96
Q

anterior flexion muscles

A

rectus abdominis
psoas major
innervation- ventral rami

97
Q

posterior extension muscles

A

erector spinae
multifidus
semispinalis
thoracis
gluteus maximus
innervation- dorsal rami

98
Q

ipsilateral contraction

A

Splenius
iliocostalis and longissimus
internal oblique

99
Q

contralateral contraction

A

sternocleidomastoid
transversospinalis
external oblique

100
Q

intrinsic muscle

A

origin and insertion are spinal
semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
spinalis, iliocoestalis, and longissimus
innervated by dorsal rami

101
Q

external muscle

A

only one insertion is axial
trapezius
rhomboid
latissimus
innervated by ventral rami

102
Q

external muscle

A

only one insertion is spinal
trapezius
rhomboid
latissimus
innervated by ventral rami

103
Q

functions of neck

A

protection of CNS
deglutination, respiration, pronation
conduit for respiratory and alimentary structures
support and movement of head to orient special senses
location of endocrine structures
defines spaces that may limit the spread of infection and tumors

104
Q

functions of fascia

A

compartmentalizes viscera and muscles
provides a lubricated surface allowing for unimpeded movement
provides a route for the passage of neuromuscular structures

105
Q

superficial cervical fascia (SCF)

A

fatty loose CT under dermis of head, face, and neck
contains- muscles of facial expression (platysma), cutaneous sensory nerves of cervical plexus (postganglionic symp fibers), superficial veins (external jugular, anterior jugular, and communicating), and superficial cervical lymph nodes

106
Q

deep cervical fascia

A

investing fascia- superficial layer
pretrachial fascia- middle layer
pre vertebral fascia- deep layer

107
Q

investing fascia, superficial layer (SLDCF)

A

surrounds entire neck
invests trapezius and SCM

108
Q

pretrachial fascia, middle layer (MLDCF)

A

muscular layer- invests infrahyoid muscles
visceral layer- invests thyroid gland, larynx, trachea, pharynx, and esophagus

109
Q

prevertebral fascia, deep layer (DLDCF)

A

surrounds vertebral column and associated muscles

110
Q

carotid sheath

A

surrounds common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, sympathetic chain poster medial

111
Q

retropharyngeal space

A

danger space
extends inferiorly to posterior mediastinum
extends down to diaphragm
in between esophagus and vertebrae and carotid

112
Q

Sternoceiomastoid

A

invested by SLDCF
head/neck- bilateral extension and contralateral rotation with ipsilateral bending
thorax- elevation of sternum and ribs

113
Q

trapezius

A

invested by SLDCF
head/neck- bilateral extension and lateral bending
scapula- retraction, elevation, depression, and rotation

114
Q

Splenius and levatator scapulae

A

invested by DLDCF
head/neck- bilateral extension, lateral bending, and rotation

115
Q

rectus capitis, longus capitis/coli, and scalenes

A

invested by DLDCF
head/neck- bilateral flexion, lateral bending
thorax- elevation of ribs

116
Q

pretrachial fascia (MLDCF)

A

muscular layer that invests hyoid muscles

117
Q

hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament

A

stylohyoid ligament allows hyoid bone to swing anteriorly and posteriorly, causes elevation and depression of larynx

118
Q

supra hyoid muscles

A

elevate the hyoid, closing the airway during swallowing, supplied by cranial nerves

119
Q

infra hyoid muscles

A

depresses the hyoid, opening the airway, supplied by cervical ventral rami

120
Q

visceral layer of MLDCF

A

endocrine- thyroid, alimentary-pharynx, respiratory- trachea and cricoid

121
Q

dermatomes of head

A

ventral rami- C2-C4 ear and neck region
dorsal rami- C2-C4 back of head/neck

122
Q

cervical plexus sensory fibers

A

transverse cervical C2-C3
lesser occupital C2
great auricular C2-C3
supraclavicular C3-C4

123
Q

cervical plexus motor fibers

A

nerve to geniohyoid C1
nerve to thyrohoid C1
ansa cervicalis superior C1 inferior C2-C3
phrenic nerve C3-C5

124
Q

anterior scalene divides subclavian into three regions

A

aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid

125
Q

where does the subclavian artery provide blood to

A

structures in upper limb, thoracic, and neck

126
Q

common carotid

A

bifurcates into internal and external carotid C3-C4
internal carotid has no branches in neck
body- chemosensory receptor
sinus- baroreceptor
external carotid provides most blood

127
Q

external carotid provides blood to

A

superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal a
lingual a
facial a
occipital a
posterior auricular a
maxillary a superficial temporal a
some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students

128
Q

veins that don’t share a pathway with an artery

A

retromandibular
common facial
internal jugular
external jugular

129
Q

superficial lymph nodes

A

pericervical collar- horizontal ring
superficial cervical nodes- vertical collection associated with the external jugular vein

130
Q

deep lymph nodes

A

vertical collection associated with internal jugular vein
jugulodigastic and juguloomohyoid nodes- part of a larger collection of deep cervical nodes, more palpable

131
Q

lymph drainage

A

lymph from head and neck- superficial nodes- deep nodes- venous circulation at venous angle
lymph from head and neck- deep nodes- venous circulation at venous angle

132
Q

lymph nodes from scalp and face

A

pericervical collar nodes- deep cervical nodes

133
Q

lymph nodes from anterior nasal and oral cavities

A

submandibular and submental nodes- deep cervical nodes

134
Q

lymph nodes from posterior nasal and oral cavities, pharyngeal and palatine tonsils

A

deep cervical nodes

135
Q

lymphatic drainage

A

lateral regions drain ipsilaterally
central regions drain bilaterally

136
Q

submandibular triangle

A

lymph nodes
mylohyoid
salivary glands
facial artery and vein
hypoglossal CN XII

137
Q

carotid triangle

A

carotid sheath- internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, common carotid artery
ansa cervicalis
sympathetic chain
deep cervical lymph nodes
SERIOUS DAMAGE

138
Q

muscular triangle

A

thyroid cartilage
thyroid gland
cricothyroid muscle
cricoid cartilage
infrahyoid strap muscles- throhyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid

139
Q

submental triangle

A

submental lymph nodes
mylohyoid

140
Q

pectoral girdle bones and joints

A

clavicle, scapula, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumoral joint

141
Q

elbow joint

A

proximal radioulnar joint

142
Q

forearm bones

A

radius- lateral
ulna- medial

143
Q

wrist joint

A

radoiocarpal joint and distal radioulnar joint

144
Q

hand bones and joints

A

carpu, metacarpus, and phalanges
mid carpal joint
carpometacarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joint
interphalangeal joint

145
Q

nerves in anterior compartment of arm

A

musculocutaneous and axillary

146
Q

nerves in anterior compartment of forearm

A

median nerve

147
Q

nerves in palmar compartment

A

ulnar nerve

148
Q

nerves in posterior compartment of arm and forearm

A

radial nerve

149
Q

brachcial plexus testing lateral arm

A

C5
elbow flexion
biceps reflex

150
Q

brachial plexus testing thumb

A

C6
wrist extension
brachioradialis reflex

151
Q

brachial plexus testing middle finger

A

C7
elbow extension
tricep reflex

152
Q

brachial plexus testing little finger

A

C8
finger flexion

153
Q

brachial plexus testing medial elbow

A

T1
finger adduction

154
Q

weakness- elbow flexion
sensory deficit- lateral forearm

A

musculocutaneous nerve

155
Q

weakness- finger adduction
sensory deficit- medial hand and little finger (P/D)

A

ulnar nerve

156
Q

weakness- thumb abduction
sensory deficit- lateral hand, thumb, and first two fingers (P)

A

median nerve

157
Q

weakness- elbow extension
sensory deficit- palmar surface of hand and lateral two fingers

A

C7

158
Q

weakness- finger adduction
sensory deficit- medial elbow and forearm

A

T1

159
Q

weakness- wrist extension
sensory deficit- distal lateral forearm, hand, and thumb

A

C8

160
Q

weakness- decreased grip strength
sensory defecit- lateral palm and fingers

A

median nerve

161
Q

weakness- diminished biceps and weak shoulder abduction
sensory defecit- lateral arm

A

C5

162
Q

weakness- difficulty holding paper between fingers
sensory deficit- medial hand and 1.5 fingers (P/D)

A

ulnar nerve

163
Q

weakness- thumb adduction
sensory defecit- medial hand and 1.5 fingers (P/D)

A

ulnar nerve

164
Q

neuropathy

A

nerve that is damaged

AN 711 Gross Anatomy (8 decks)

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