Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Block 1: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Block 1: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure and function of connective tissue?

A

structure: composed of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix (ground substance + protein structures)
function: provides a matrix that supports and physically connects other tissues and cells together to form the organs of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the cells of connective tissue

A

Resident: fibroblasts, adipocytes
Wandering: macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells
Transient: leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
Describe fibroblasts 
origin, terminal location 
f(x)
significance 
what do they secrete
A

origin: mesenchymal cells
terminal location: connective tissue
f(x): produce and maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components, including extracellular fibers and ground substance
significance: most common cell in connective tissue proper
secrete: collagen, elastin, GAGs, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins (the last 3 make up ground substance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
Describe macrophages 
f(x)
abundant @
key component of 
morphology
A

f(x): cells with highly developed phagocytic ability, specializing in the turnover of protein removal & apoptic cells, tissue debris, or other particulate material
abundant @: sites of inflammation
key components of: antigen presenting required for lymphocyte activation and also play a role in the cell’s innate immune response
morphology: irregular nucleus; irregular surface with pleats/protrusions; well developed golgi and many lysosomes. an active cell will have numerous phagosomes for storage of digested materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
Describe mast cells 
s(x): 
appearance upon staining/morphology
f(x)
ex of f(x)
A

s(x): oval/irregularly shaped cells filled w/ basophilic secretory granules that obscure the central nucleus; high affinity receptor for IgE
appearance: display metachromasia (change the color of some basic dyes from blue to purple or red)
f(x): release of bioactive substances important in the local inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair; function in allergic hypersensitivity reaction
ex: heparin and histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasma Cells
f(x)
appearance
origin

A

f(x): antibody producing cells

appearance: basophilic cytoplasm rich in RER; “clock face” nucleus; prominent nucleolus b/c requires a lot of ribosomes
origin: lymphoid tissue, specifically B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s the difference between resident and wandering cells

A

Resident cells are derived from mesenchymal cells and differentiate within connective tissue. Wandering cells are made from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow and then transported to the connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How to differentiate b/w active vs. non active fibroblasts

A

active fibroblasts have more abundant and branched cytoplasm, more RER, well developed golgi apparatus, euchromatic nucleus and prominent nucleolus. quiescent fibroblasts are smaller, spindle shaped, less RER, heterochromatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adipocytes

f(x)

A

f(x): storage of lipids as neutral fats; tissues with a large population serve to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the allergic hypersensitivity reaction

A

asthma: release of histamines leads to dyspnea

hay fever: histamine increases vascular permeation, leading to edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 types of mast cells?

A

CT MC’s: migrate and locate around blood vessels and nerve endings of CT’s; T cell independent
Mucosa MC’s: associate with T cells, predominantly in lamina propria of intestine and lung mucosa; T cell dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lymphocytes

f(x)
types
morphology

A

f(x): involved in infection, tissue inflammation, and immunity

types: B cell and T cell
morphology: nucleus occupies most of cell, thin rim of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neutrophils

f(x)
types
s(x)/ morphology

A

f(x); involved with acute infection; phagocytosis of bacteria
s(x): contains digestive enzymes and defensins; segmented nucleus and cytoplasmic granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eosinophils

f(x)
s(x)

A

f(x): modulate in allergic rxns, defend against parasitic infections, inactivate histamine & heparin (modulate allergic rxns)
s(x): bilobed nucleus with eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fibers
what are they?
types?

A

what: elongated structures formed from proteins that polymerize after secretion from fibroblasts
types: collagen, reticular, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Collagen Fibers
what are they?
types
s(x)

A

what: family of proteins w/ ability to form extracellular fibers, sheets, and networks
types: type I, II, III, IV, VII
s(x): triple helix organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe type I collagen

A

type I: bone, tendon, dentin, and skin as banded fibers, providing tensile strength

forms collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe type II collagen

A

hyaline and elastic cartilages

form fibrils thinner than type I collagen

19
Q

Describe type III collagen

A

reticular lamina, as a component of reticular fibers.

20
Q

Describe type IV collagen

A

basal lamina, does not form bundles. single molecules of type IV collagen bind to one of the type IV collagen binding sites of laminin

21
Q

Describe type VII collagen

A

anchoring collagen

22
Q

What are the cell types that make collagen?

A

fibroblasts
reticular cells
osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and odontoblasts also synthesize collagen

23
Q

Describe reticular fibers.

A

consist mainly of type III collagen, characteristically stained black after silver staining.

serve as supportive stroma for parenchymal secretory cells

24
Q

Elastic Fibers
s(x)
location
f(x)

A

s(x): composed of fibrillin (which forms a microfibril network) embedded in a larger mass of cross linked elastin
location: located in organs that are subject to regular stretching/bending
f(x): allow organs to be stretched/distended while returning to their original shape; add resiliency to CT

25
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

the result of a defect in the gene encoding for fibrillin 1, a component of tropoelastin; usually leads to aortic dissection and mitral valve prolapse

26
Q

Wound healing collagen

A

type III is the first to be synthesized, then its replaced by type I

27
Q

Describe the intracellular process of collagen synthesis

A
  1. mRNA formation for alpha chain
  2. procollagen alpha chain synthesis
  3. vitamin C dependent hydroxylation in the ER
  4. glycosylation
  5. procollagen triple helix formation
  6. transport to golgi
  7. secretory vesicle packaging
  8. transport to cell surface
28
Q

What’s the extracellular process of collagen synthesis?

A
  1. procollagen peptidase cleaves the non-helical terminal peptides, transforming procollagen into collagen molecules that aggregate into collagen fibrills
  2. fibrillar structure is reinforced by covalent cross linkage b/w collagen molecules
29
Q

Describe the hydroxylations step of collagen synthesis

A

hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues occurs in the RER and requires ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a cofactor

because of this, wound healing is characteristic of scurvy

30
Q

Ehler’s Danlos Syndrome

A

major deficits in the synthesis/structure of collagen, resulting in hyperelasticity of the skin and hypermobility of the joints

collagen defects extend to BV’s, internal organs resulting in tissue rupture or detachment

31
Q

What are the components of ground substance? What is the function of ground susbtance?

A

GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
proteoglycans
glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin)

f(x): viscocity allows it to act as a lubricant and a barrier to the penetration of invaders

32
Q

Describe GAG’s. (s(x), f(x), ex’s)

A

s(x): large, unbranched, repeating polysaccharide chains
f(x): space filling, cushioning, lubrication
ex: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate

33
Q

Describe proteoglycans. (s(x))

A

protein cores covalently attached to sulfated glycosaminoglycans

34
Q

Describe adhesive glycoproteins (s(x), ex)

A

s(x): globular protein with short, branched carbohydrates that allow adhesion of cells to their substrate

ex: fibronectin, laminin

35
Q

How do GAGs, proteoglycans, and adhesive gycoproteins all interact?

A

GAG’s are polysaccharides w/ repeating units. Proteoglycans organize GAG’s into aggregates on a protein core. Glycoproteins bind the matrix GAG’s and proteoglycans to the cell membrane via integrins

36
Q

What secretes heparin? What is heparin?

A

heparin: a sulfonated GAG that acts locally as an anticoagulant; secreted by mast cells

37
Q

What secretes histamine? What is histamine?

A

histamine is secreted by mast cells; it functions in promoting increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

38
Q

Fibronectin

what is it?
what secretes it?

A

fibronectin is secreted by mast cells. fibronectin receptors are integrins

39
Q

Describe loose CT

A

more ground substance and cells than fibers; flexible, well vascularized

40
Q

Describe dense irregular CT

A

abundant, irregular fiber array; few cells provides strength/resistance to tearing

41
Q

Describe dense regular Ct

A

abundant in parallel bundles, few cells found in tendon

42
Q

What cell types make collagen?

A

Reticular Cells

Ostebolasts, osteoclast,

43
Q

List the types of Ehler’s Danhlos’ Syndrome

A 
Type IV (vascular type): faulty type III collagen, leads to aortic/intestinal rupture 
Type VI: faulty lysine hydroxylation, leading to increased skin elasticity 
Type VII: decrease in procollagen peptidase, leading to joint subluxation

Histology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions