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Histology > Block 1: Cell Membrane > Flashcards

Block 1: Cell Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

Describe an H&E Stain

  • acidic structures
  • basic structures
A

Hematoxylin and Eosin

Acidic Structures (stain blue w/ hematoxylin, meaning they are basophilic): nuclei, ribosomes, rough ER, DNA, RNA

Basic Structures: protein

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2
Q

Describe the PAS reaction

A

stains specific cellular components, carbohydrates. usually counterstain w/ hematoxylin to show the cell nuclei

PAS positive: mucins, glycocen, glycocalyx

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3
Q

Describe stereology

A

3D interpretation of 2D cross sections of materials or tissues

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane
s(x):
f(x):

A

s(x): lipid bilayer consisting of phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins w/ oligosaccharide chains

f(x): acts as a selective barrier to regulate passage of material into and out of the cell

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5
Q

E face vs. P Face

A

E Face: external/exterior face

P Face: internal/cytoplasmic face; will have more proteins

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6
Q

Sphingomyelin vs. Sphingomyelinase

A

Sphingomyelin is on the E face, but sphingomyelinase is on the P face

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7
Q

List the phospholipids on the P face vs E face

A

everything (phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatydylinositol) except for phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are on the P face

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8
Q

Lipid Raft

s(x)
f(x)

A

s(x): microdomain in the plasma membrane with high concentrations of cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and proteins

f(x): reduce membrane fluidity to allow the proteins to interact more efficiently

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9
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane

A 
phospholipid bilayer has: 
integral proteins 
transmembrane proteins 
phospholipids 
cholesterols
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10
Q 
Describe proteins in the PM 
f(x) of: 
integral 
transmembrane 
peripheral
A

integral: strongly associated w/ bilayer
transmembrane: receptors, ion channels
peripheral:
(a) : P Face (spectrin: makes up RBC shape)
(b) : E Face (extracellular matrix proteins)

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11
Q

How does the plasma membrane show up on EM

A

trilaminar structure with 2, dense lines separated by a light area (unit membrane)

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12
Q

Describe freeze fracturing.
what?
result

A

what: tissue is frozen and fractured to cleave the cell membrane, creating 2 surface
result: P face associated w/ cytoplasm, shows more integral proteins; E face, associated w/ exterior

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13
Q

Niemann Pick Disease

A

deficiency of sphingelomyelinase on the P face; sphingomyelin accumulates in the spleen, liver, and CNS

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14
Q

Autoimmunedisease MS

A

MS patients have an increase in cytokines that activate sphingomyelinase

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15
Q

Abetaproteinemia

A

excess sphingomyelin (E Face) in RBC causes abnormal shape

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16
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis
what’s wrong
result

A

damaged CFTR protein allows Cl- accumulation in the membrane; glands end up secreting thick, sticky mucous that leads to issues in respiratory, digestive, kidney, etc.

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17
Q

Differentiate b/w clathrin dependent and independent endocytosis

A

independent: phagocytosis, pincytosis (phagocytosis is actin dependent) RR
dependent: receptor mediated endocytosis

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18
Q

Pinocytosis

A

ingestion of fluid and small proteins

19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell eating; ingestion of large particles that creates phagosomes that eventually fuse w/ lysosomes

20
Q

Clathrin

A

protein that braces the coated pit membranes

21
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

binding of ligands causes proteins to aggregate membrane regions that invaginate and pinch off internally as vesicles

22
Q

Exocytosis

A

transport where substances leave the cell

23
Q

What’s the physiological significance of phospholipids flipping b/w plasma membrane layers

A

b/c the membrane is asymmetric, lipid have to flip flop. phospholipid synthesis happens in the ER, so to maintain balance of lipids halfway through synthesis 1/2 of the newly synthesized molecules move to the other leaflet

24
Q

Relationship b/w endocytosis and lysosomes

A

phagosomes and pinocytotic vesicles fuse w/ lysosomes for their contents to be digested

25
Q

List the steps of endocytosis

A
  1. protein binds to receptor
  2. formation of coated pit
  3. formation of coated vesicle
26
Q

Vesicles
where in the cell are they delivered?
coating

A

delivered to the golgi for packaging and export

coated by COPI and COPII surface proteins that regulate intracellular vesicular movement

27
Q

VSNare vs. TSnare

A

VSNARE: vesicles have a vesicle specific membrane protein
TSNARE: target membrane proteins

28
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

hormones carried through blood to target cells

29
Q

paracrine signaling

A

ligand diffuses in EC fluid, rapidly metabolized, effect local on target cells near source

30
Q

synaptic signaling

A

neurotransmitters go through synapse

31
Q

autocrine signaling

A

signals bind receptors on same cell producing messenger molecule

32
Q

juxtacrine signaling

A

signaling molecules are membrane bound proteins, bind on surface receptors of target when making direct physical contact

33
Q

phosphatidylserine
face
f(x)

A

face: P face

f(x): apoptosis, coagulation

34
Q

phosphatidylethanolamine
face
f(x)

A

face: P face

f(x): nervous tissue, cell division

35
Q

phosphatidylinosital
face
f(x)

A

face: P face

f(x): signaling, membrane trafficking

36
Q

phosphatidylcholine
face
f(x)

A

face: E face

f(x): signaling

37
Q

sphingomyelin
face
f(x)

A

face: E face

f(x); myelin sheath

38
Q

constitutive exocytosis pathway
what is it
result

A

what: proteins leave the cell immediately after their synthesis
result: almost no secretory product accumulates, so few secretory vesicles are present in the cytoplasm

39
Q

regulated secretory pathway
what is it
result

A

what: protein secretion is regulated by hormonal or neuronal stimuli
result: proteins are concentrated and transiently stored in secretory vesicles w/i the cytoplasm

40
Q

phagosomes
result of
end product

A

result of pseudopodia from plasma membrane engulfing particles
end product: matures into a lysosome that digests its phagocytosed contents

41
Q

receptors for hydrophilic signaling molecules
includes
location

A

hydrophillic signaling molecules includes PP hormones

transmembrane proteins in the plasmalemma

42
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia
what is it
results in

A

what: an excess of sphingomyelin in RBC membranes

results in: excess lipid accumulation in the outer leaflet of RBC plasma membrane, leading to abnormally shaped RBCs

43
Q

Cystinuria
what is it
result

A

what: defective cysteine carrier proteins
result: high concentration of cysteine leads to cystine stones to form in the urine

Histology (6 decks)

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