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thhth > Block 1 - Anatomy - Mediastinal Masses; Radiology of the Thorax > Flashcards

Block 1 - Anatomy - Mediastinal Masses; Radiology of the Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

In what compartment are 50% of mediastinal tumors?

A

Anterior

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2
Q

What are the four principal masses of the anterior mediastinum?

What percentage of all mediastinal masses are found in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thyroid disease, Thymoma, Teratoma, Terrible lymphoma;

50%

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3
Q

What is the most common mass of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Neurogenic tumors

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4
Q

What is the most common mass of the middle mediastinum?

A

Congenital cysts

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5
Q

What is the most common mass of the superior mediastinum?

A

Related to thyroid disease

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6
Q

Where are mediastinal masses most common?

What is the most common mass of the superior mediastinum?

What is the most common mass of the middle mediastinum?

What is the most common mass of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Anterior;

thyroid-related;

congenital cyst;

neurogenic tumor

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7
Q

What is the appearance of the mediastinal mass in this image?

A

Homogenous, solid

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8
Q

What is the appearance of the mediastinal mass in this image?

A

Cystic

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9
Q

What is the appearance of the mediastinal mass in this image?

A

Heterogenous

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10
Q

Where is the imaginary line of the bottom border of the superior mediastinum?

A

T4 to the sternal angle

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11
Q

What organs are present in the anterior mediastinum of the adult?

What organs are present in the anterior mediastinum of the child?

A

None;

the thymus

(extending from the sternal angle to the pericardium)

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12
Q

What is the assumed space of the posterior mediastinum?

A

From the T4 vertebra extending to the heart and down to the diaphragm

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13
Q

What structures are the primary organs of the middle mediastinum?

A

The heart and pericardium

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14
Q

What is a type of congenital cyst that can be found in the middle mediastinum?

A

A pericardial cyst

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15
Q

Identify the trachea on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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16
Q

Identify the clavicle on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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17
Q

Identify the vertebral body on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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18
Q

Identify the spinal cord on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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19
Q

Identify the trachea on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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20
Q

Identify any rib on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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21
Q

Identify the sternum on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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22
Q

Identify the right lung field on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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23
Q

Identify the trachea on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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24
Q

Identify the aortic arch on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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25
Q

Identify the superior vena cava on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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26
Q

Identify the lung field on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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27
Q

Identify the ascending and descending aorta on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A

Ascending - red;

descending - blue

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28
Q

Identify the left pulmonary artery on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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29
Q

Identify the superior vena cava on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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30
Q

Identify the trachea on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A

(bifurcated)

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31
Q

Identify the aorta on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A

Ascending aorta - red;

descending aorta - blue

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32
Q

Identify the right pulmonary artery on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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33
Q

Identify the superior vena cava on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
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34
Q

Identify the pulmonary veins and descending aorta on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A

Pulmonary veins - red;

descending aorta - blue

35
Q

Identify the right and left ventricles and descending aorta on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A

Right ventricle - red;

left ventricle - blue;

descending aorta - green

36
Q

Identify the diaphragm on this normal chest CT with contrast.

A
37
Q
A

Trachea

38
Q
A

Right clavicle

39
Q
A

Vertebral body

40
Q
A

Spinal cord

41
Q
A

Trachea

42
Q
A

Left rib

43
Q
A

Sternum

44
Q
A

Right lung field

45
Q
A

Trachea

46
Q
A

Aortic arch

47
Q
A

Superior vena cava

48
Q
A

Lung fields

49
Q
A

Ascending aorta - red;

descending aorta - blue

50
Q
A

Left pulmonary artery

51
Q
A

Superior vena cava

52
Q
A

Trachea (bifurcated)

53
Q
A

Ascending aorta - red;

descending aorta - blue

54
Q
A

Right pulmonary artery

55
Q
A

Superior vena cava

56
Q
A

Pulmonary veins - red;

descending aorta - blue

57
Q
A

Right ventricle - red;

left ventricle - blue;

descending aorta - green

58
Q
A

Diaphragm

59
Q

What is interesting about this mediastinal mass (marked by an asterisk)?

A

The presence of pleural effusion

(medium gray shapes behind white arrows)

60
Q

What tissue details are not well visualized via plain X-ray?

A

Soft tissues and fluid details

61
Q

What terms refer to tissue that absorbs X-rays (and appears bright on X-ray)?

A

Radiodense, dense, radioopaque, opaque

62
Q

What terms refer to tissue that does not absorb many X-rays (and appears dark on X-ray)?

A

Radiolucent, lucent

63
Q

Name the five main radiodensities (in order of density) and the associated color seen on X-ray.

A
64
Q

Name the basic materials/tissues leading to the following radiodensities.

A
65
Q

What additional tissue can be somewhat well visualized on CT that could not be easily differentiated on plain X-ray?

A

Fluid

66
Q

Identify the basic tissues/materials in the following CT scan based on their respective radiodensities.

A
67
Q

What are two potential negative effects of contrast use in imaging?

A

Allergy and nephrotoxicity

68
Q

How does contrast appear upon use in CT imaging?

A

Super-white (similar to metal)

69
Q

What material type is ultrasound excellent for identifying?

What two types can it not penetrate?

A

Fluid;

bone, air

70
Q

What color does fluid appear on ultrasound?

What color does soft tissue appear on ultrasound?

A

Black (anechoic);

medium-gray

71
Q

What type of imaging technique is this?

What material type is being indicated in this image?

A

Ultrasound;

fluid

72
Q

What imaging types use absolutely no radiation?

A

MRI and ultrasound

73
Q

What imaging modality is the gold standard for soft tissue visualization?

A

MRI

74
Q

What are some potential contraindications to MRI use?

A

Pacemakers or other implanted metallic devices (e.g. aneurysm clips), claustrophobia, cost

75
Q

What are the two MRI radiofrequency pulses that are used?

A

T1 and T2

76
Q

What is the difference between T1- and T2-weighted MRIs?

A

T1-weighted images - fluid is DARK on T1

T2-weighted images - fluid is WHITE on T2

77
Q

Is this a T1- or T2-weighted MRI?

A

T1

(fluid is dark)

78
Q

Is this a T1- or T2-weighted MRI?

A

T2

(fluid is white)

79
Q

What metals are often used in contrast dyes?

What spaces is this contrast often used to visualize?

A

Iodine, barium;

vascular system; bowel, bladder, uterine cavity, joint space, thecal sac

80
Q

How does nuclear medicine work?

A

Injected radiopharmaceuticals emit gamma radiation and allow for evaluation of function and structure of certain structures

81
Q

What type of imaging modality is this?

A

Nuclear medicine (injected radiopharmaceuticals)

82
Q

What structures can be visualized via angiography?

A

The arterial system

83
Q

Put these imaging modalities in order from least to most radiation exposure:

Ultrasound, nuclear medicine, CT, MRI, angiography, radiography

A

Ultrasound / MRI <<<< radiography < nuclear medicine < CT < angiography

84
Q

Put these imaging modalities in order from least to most expensive:

Ultrasound, nuclear medicine, CT, MRI, angiography, radiography

A

Radiography < ultrasound < CT / nuclear medicine < MRI / angiography

thhth (10 decks)

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