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Neurology > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Commissure

A

group of nerves connecting one side of the brain to anohter

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2
Q

Decussation

A

crossing over of the nerve fibers

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3
Q

White Matter consists of?

A

Myelinated axons

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4
Q

Gray Matter consists of?

A

neuronal cell bodies and no myelin

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5
Q

Types of Glial cells (4)

A
  1. astrocytes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependymal cells
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6
Q

spinal cord regions and number of nerves

A 
cervical cord (8 cranial n)
thoracic cord (12 spinal n)
lumbar cord (5 spinal n)
sacral cord (5 spinal segments)
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7
Q

2 enlargements of the spinal cord

A
  1. cervical enlargement

2. lumbar enlargement

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8
Q

3 divisions of the brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

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9
Q

lobes are separated by

A

sulci

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10
Q

what are between sulci

A

gyri

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11
Q

frontal lobe

A

largest lobe, from central sulcus to the frontal pole

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12
Q

precentral gyrus functions

A
  • motor signals
  • primary motor cortex (area 4)
  • controls the contralateral side
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13
Q

premotor cortex funcitons

A

initiation and sequencing of complex movements

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14
Q

prefrontal cortex functions

A

processing intellectual and emotional events

involved in pathological processes

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15
Q

frontal eye field functions

A

voluntary control of conjugate eye movements

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16
Q

Brocas speech area

A

only in the left hemisphere

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17
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

damage to Brocas area, difficulty naming objects, difficulty repeating words, comprehension is intact

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18
Q

Insula location

A

only seen when temporal lobe is pulled away. it is in the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus

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19
Q

Insula Functions

A

reception and integration of taste, reception of viscerosensations, processing of pain sensations, vestibular functions

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20
Q

Parietal lobe is associated with what kind of functions

A

somatosensory

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21
Q

Postcentral Gyrus functions

A

receives somesthetic information, input = contralateral, somatotropic organization

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22
Q

Superior parietal lobule

A

integrates sensory and motor functions, aids in programming complex motor functions

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23
Q

Lesion in the superior parietal lobule

A

apraxia (movement disorder) and sensory neglect

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24
Q

Inferior parietal lobule

A

input from auditory and visual cortices, complex perceptual discriminations

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25
Q

Wernickes Area

A

only in the left hemisphere and is important for the comprehension of spoken language

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26
Q

Wernickes Aphasia

A

impairment of speech comprehension and repetition, speech remains fluent because Broca’s center is intact

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27
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A

perception of auditory signals, perception of moving objects in the visual field, recognition of faces

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28
Q

Occipital Lobe Functions

A

interpretation of visual information and the primary visual receiving area

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29
Q

Cingulate Gyrus Functions

A

part of the limbic system - emotional behaviour, regulation of visceral processes and learning

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30
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

communication between hemispheres, it is a massive fiber pathway

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31
Q

What does the septum pellucidum form

A

the medial wall of lateral ventricles

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32
Q

Fornix arises from

A

hippocampal formation

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33
Q

Fornix Functions

A

transmission from hippocampal formation to the septal nuclei and hypothalamus

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34
Q

Diencephalon (2 structures)

A
  1. thalamus: sensory, motor and emotional info. passes through
  2. hypothalamus: visceral functions, and attaches to the hypophysis
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35
Q

Function of the Gyrus Rectus

A

not clear, thought to be involved in higher cortical functions (i.e. personality features)

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36
Q

where does the olfactory bulb recieve info from

A

the olfactory nerve CN I

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37
Q

Function of the occipitotemporal gyrus

A

not fully understood, thought to be involved in recognition processes

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38
Q

Function of the parahippocampal gyrus

A

memory encoding and retrieval

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39
Q

Lingual Gyrus functions

A

vision processing and analysis of logical conditions

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40
Q

What to use when viewing early stages of a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

CT

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41
Q

what to use when showing more detailed brain structures

A

MRI

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42
Q

how do subarachnoid haemorrhages look in a CT

A

hyperdense (white) in contrast to the subarachnoid spaces and cisterns, which normally are hypodense (dark)

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43
Q

contraindications to MRI

A

cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, ferromagnetic foreign bodies in the eye, certain aneurysm clips

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44
Q

T1 Image (bone, CSF, gray matter, white matter, fat, air, muscle)

A 
bone decrease
CSF decrease
gray matter decrease
white matter decrease
fat increase
air decrease
muscle decrease
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45
Q

T2 Image (bone, CSF, gray matter, white matter, fat, air, muscle)

A 
bone decrease
CSF increase
gray matter decrease
white matter decrease 
fat increase 
air decrease 
muscle decrease
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46
Q

three functions of neurons

A
  1. receive signals 2. integrate signals and 3. send signals
47
Q

are dendrites excitable

A

no they do not have voltage-gated channels that support AP

48
Q

what channels do an axon terminal have?

A

they contain voltage-gated Ca++ channels, not Na+

49
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

special sense organs, 2 main functions (detects and transmits), function via graded potentials

50
Q

multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites with one exon from the soma

51
Q

pseudounipolar neurons

A

sensory systems, extends from the soma and bifurcates into peripheral and central branch

52
Q

chemical synapses

A

use neurotransmitters (inhibitory/excitatory), release depends on Calcium, integration of information

53
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

ions flow between cells, rapid communication with no synaptic delays, gap junctions formed by connexons

54
Q

Microtubules

A

alternating a and B tubulin, kinesin and dynein. microtubule-associated proteins, chemotherapeutic agents, hallmark of Az

55
Q

Neurofilaments (Intermediate Filaments)

A

Stabilize neuron shape, Lewy bodies (PK)

56
Q

Actin filaments (Microfilament)

A

actin monomet, interact w/ ECM

57
Q

collagen fibrils

A

provide extracellular framework for axons

58
Q

Fast anterograde transport

A

transports vesicles and membrane-bound organelles, they send it from the cell body to the synaptic terminal. Uses kinesin ATPase.

59
Q

Slow anterograde transport

A

transports soluble proteins: neurofilaments, enzymes. they transport it from the cell body to the synaptic terminal. it supplies proteins for regrowth of damaged axons

60
Q

Retrograde axonal transport

A

transports vesicles, membrane bound organelles. it uses them from the synaptic terminal to the cell body. it uses dynein ATPase. allows peripheral cellular components to be degraded and recycled.

61
Q

rabies virus

A

replicates in muscle tissues, retrogradely transported to the cell body. from CNS to the salivary glands

62
Q

Do Glial cells propagate an AP

A

no

63
Q

What do glial cells do

A

provide support to the CNS

64
Q

types of macroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

65
Q

what arises from the neuroectoderm

A

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

66
Q

what arises from neural crest cells

A

schwann cells

67
Q

where are fibrous astrocytes found

A

white matter

68
Q

where are protoplasmic astrocytes found

A

gray matter

69
Q

where are radial glia found

A

guide neurons to their targets.

70
Q

astrocyte origin

A

neuroectoderm

71
Q

GFAP are used with what

A

astrocytes

72
Q

astrocyte functions

A

brain metabolism, NT metabolism, BBB, recovery of CNS after damage

73
Q

Oligodendrocytes are found where

A

the CNS

74
Q

Schwann cells are found where

A

the PNS

75
Q

oligodendrocytes marker/appearance

A

fried egg appearance

76
Q

Oligodendrocyte functions

A

myelinate CNS, oligodendroglioma and affected in MS

77
Q

Oligodendrocytes arise from where

A

neuroectoderm

78
Q

Schwann cells arise from where

A

Neural crest cells

79
Q

Schwann cell function

A

myelinate the PNS, secrete growth factors, participate in regeneration

80
Q

What is affected in Guillain- Barre Syndrome

A

Schwann cells

81
Q

where do microglial cells originate from

A

the mesoderm

82
Q

functions of microglial cells

A

migrate to CNS, active during infections, motile after CNS trauma, HIV infection

83
Q

Ependymal cells origin

A

neuroectoderm

84
Q

Ependymal cells function

A

cilia that move CSF, choroid epithelial cells, tanycytes

85
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

interrupted flow of materials from the soma to the axon. axonal degredation distal to the point of severe axonal damage. nerve terminals = clumps of neurofilaments and disrupted mitochondria. glial cells invade and phagocytose.

86
Q

Proximal Degeneration

A

axonal damage = chromatolysis within soma . rER disintegrates. chromatolysis can reverse. but it can also die

87
Q

Resting membrane potential is determined primarily by what gradient

A

Potassium

88
Q

intravenous K-based solutions cause what

A

cardiac fibrillation and death

89
Q

temporal summation

A

occurs when a second graded potential arrives in time to build on the first

90
Q

spatial summation

A

occurs when two graded potentials arrive together and add

91
Q

where are the different channels stabilized

A

Na+ at nodes, K*. adjacent to nodes

92
Q

Guillian Barre Syndrome

A

demyelination of peripheral nerves. increased CSF protein

93
Q

Diabetic neuropathy

A

accumulation of sugar alcohols. peripheral demyelination

94
Q

Peroneal Muscular Atrophy - Charcot Marie-Tooth Disease

A

defective proteins involved in the structure and function. “stork-like legs” and slow progression

95
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

blurry loss of vision, ataxia and scanning, urinary incontinence, jerky eye movements, neck flexion.

96
Q

Central pontine myelinolysis

A

demyelinating brain stem. low sodium levels. dysarthria, locked-in syndrome.

97
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

peroxisome defect. accumulation of LCFA, loss of mylein in brain and adrenal insufficiency

98
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

lysosomal storage disease, accumulation of sulfatides, loss of myslin

99
Q

Krabbe disease

A

lysosomal storage disease

100
Q

differentiation

A

degree to which a tumor resembles its cells of origin.

poorly differentiated - don not resemble tissue of origin (more aggressive)

101
Q

grade

A

degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity low grade = well differentiated

102
Q

stage

A

degree of localization- based on the size/site/ the spread/the metastases.

103
Q

TNM

A 
T= tumor size and invaseiveness 
N= node involvement 
M= metastases
104
Q

what does stage determine

A

Survival

105
Q

Glial Tumors

A

gliomas - occur in the brain, spinal cord and PNs

106
Q

three types of glial cells that can produce tumors

A
  1. astrocytomas
  2. ependymomas
  3. oligodendrogliomas
107
Q

astrocytomas

A

typically in adults frontal lobes and childrens cerebellums

108
Q

glioblastomas

A

a high grade astrocytoma, malignant and hemorrhagic, may cross the corpus callosum and spread via CSF

109
Q

Oligodendroglioma

A

fried egg/chicken wore. it is a frontal lobe tumor in middle aged adults

110
Q

Ependymoma

A

this is a MC spinal cord tumor in adults with a poor prognosis

111
Q

Where do most glial tumors occur

A

about 70% occur above the tentorium cerebelli

112
Q

meningioma

A

usually benign and associated with NF2, estrogen and progesterone receptors, can infiltrate overlying bone

113
Q

hemangioblastoma

A

blood vessel origin, associated with Hippel-Landau Syndrome

114
Q

Schwannoma

A

originates from schwann cells. involves CN VII and CN VIII

Neurology (5 decks)

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