Block 1 Flashcards
1
when a line structure has nothing on the end of the line (eg. Terminating out to space) what is there
The start of the line is a carbon with invisible H attached
What is the rule for the visibility of H in line structure
Hs bonded to Carbons are invisible but if they are bonded to Hetero atoms, their bond to the hetero atom must be visible and the Hydrogen visible
in line structure, if the line terminates at a hetero atom this only represents
a bond from the carbon to the hetero atom (C–Z) not a bond to another C and then Z (C–CZ)
What is an ether and how to do you name it
R-O-R’. The way to name it is by identifying the parent chain first attached to the O and then and then the other chain. Put them in alphabetical order or say ‘di alkyl’ if its the same alkyl group and then have ether at the end.
What is an acid anhydride and how to do you name it
R- C=OOC=O -R’. So like a symmetrical carboxylic acid (without the H in middle). The way to to name it is to name the two Rs attached to the functional group and then put them in order alkanoic alkanoic anhydride.
What is a nitrile (cyanide) and how to do you name it
C=_ N. It is named by alkane nitrile
How do you name secondary and tertiary amines
Parent chain is identified with it called alkyl amine. The other groups coming off the N is listed before as the locant. (eg. N-methyl-N-ethyl or N,N-diethyl
What is a thiol and how to do you name it
C- SH (a sulfur group). It is named by alkane thiol.
How do you name an acid halide
alkanoyl halide
What does the primary, secondary and tertiary classification mean?
The functional group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to 1 carbon (1’), 2 carbons (2’) or 3 carbons (3’)
When you draw an sp bonds what is a key thing to remember for line structure
The bond angle is 180 , its linear so it is a flat line
Compare and contrast pi and sigma bonds
The first bond is a sigma bond. It is made from s orbitals which are spherical. They overlap straight on, therefore they are stronger than pi bonds which are the side on overlap of p orbitals that look like roundbottom hourglasses.
What orbitals does Carbon have and what are the different types of hybridisation
Carbon has 2 s orbitals and 2 p orbitals.
It can be sp3 hybridised where the 2s orbital mixes with all three p orbitals, sp2 hybridised where one p orbital doesn’t mix and sp hybridised where 2 p orbitals don’t’ mix
What is the geometry, bond angles and number of groups attached for sp3 carbons
4 groups attached to carbon in tetrahedral arrangement, bond angles 109.5
What is the geometry, bond angles and number of groups attached for sp2 carbons
3 groups attached to carbon in trigonal planar arrangement bond angles 120
What is the geometry, bond angles and number of groups attached for sp carbons
2 groups attached to the carbon in linear arrangement bond angles 180
What are constitutional isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but have different atom to atom bonding sequence
What type of molecular formular of C and H would tell us it is fully saturated
Cn H2n +2
If the molecular formula is CnH2n what would it tell us about the compound
It has one double bond or one ring
What is a conformational isomer
molecule with the same molecular formula, same atom to atom bonding sequence but the arrangement in space differs–> interconverting by rotation around a single bond (no bond breaking)
What are the two ways of drawing conformers
Sawhorse and Newman projection
What is the most stable conformer
Anti - where the repulsion are minimised by the largest groups attached to the 2 central carbons are staggered and opposite
What is the least stable conformer
Syn - where the largest groups are eclipsed
What is the other staggered conformer called and what is its arrangement
Gauche- where the largest groups are not the greatest distance apart