Block 1 Flashcards
Disease occurrence and spread
Where and when
Epidemiology
The underlying cause
- infectious, idiopathic, iatrogenic
Etiology
Formal name to describe a pt’s disease
Diagnosis
Made based on signs, symptoms and results of diagnostic tests
Diagnosis
Unknown cause or source
Idiopathic
Source of disease is medical professional or procedure
Iatrogenic
Infectious disease that is acquired from a hospital-type setting
Nosocomial
Referring to the disease process
Pathogenesis
The study of disease, especially changes in cells/tissues/organs that cause or are caused by disease
Pathology
Something that you measure
Sign
Something the patient tells you
Symptom
Bridges basic sciences and medicine
Pathology
Etiological factors from the outside
Extrinsic
Examples of extrinsic etiological factors
Biological
Chemical
Physical
Nutritional
Etiological factors that come from within
Intrinsic factors
Examples of intrinsic etiological factors
Genetic
Congenital
Immunological
Psychological
Rapid onset and short duration
- no necessarily severe
Acute
Disease that is lasting for >/= 3 months
Chronic
Ill defined time between acute and chronic
Subacute
How many diseases can be cured?
7 out of 10
List in order the leading causes of death in Americans
Heart disease Cancer Stroke Type 2 DM Obesity
What are the 4 phases of disease
Latency
Prodrome
Clinical symptoms
Recovery
What is the latency period
Quiet phase
- no/few signs/symptoms
What is prodrome
Symptoms start
- usually ‘flu-like’ are most common
What are different outcomes of disease
Death
Recovery
- complete or incomplete recovery
Deaths per 100,00
Mortality
Illnesses per 100,000
Morbidity
And abrupt and unexpected increase in the incidence of disease over endemic rates
Epidemic
Has a relatively stable and expected incidence and prevalence within a geographic area
Endemic disease
Spread of disease beyond continental boundaries
Pandemic
Looks at new or newly diagnosed cases
Incidence
Looks at all current cases alive
Prevalence
Transmission to surrounding people/strangers
Horizontal
Transmission to fetus or to baby through breast milk
Vertical
What happens to incidence and prevalence if:
-new effective treatment ins initiated
Prevalence dec
Incidence constant
What happens to incidence and prevalence if:
- new effective vaccine gains widespread used
Both incidence and prevalence dec
What happens to incidence and prevalence if:
- number of deaths from the condition decline
Prevalence inc
Incidence constant
What happens to incidence and prevalence if:
- recovery is more rapid than it was 1 year ago
Prevalence dec
Incidence constant
Collects data from a population to assess frequency of disease at a particular point in time
Cross sectional study
Study referring to “what’s happening”
Cross-sectional study
Study that measures disease prevalence
Cross-sectional study
Compares a group of people with disease to a group without disease
- looks for prior exposure or risk factor
Case-control study
Refers to “what happened”
- from effect to cause
Case-control study
Study that measures odds ratio
- starts with disease
Case-control study
Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure
- looks to see if exposure affects the likelihood of disease
Cohort study
Refers to “who gets it”
- from cause to effect
Cohort study
Study that measures relative risk
- starts with exposure
Cohort study
Common measurements about the disease
Sensitivity or specificity
Common measurements about the test
Positive predictive value and negative predictive value
True positive rate
Sensitivity
True negative rate
Specificity
Likelihood that a positive test is found only in sick people
- true and false POSITIVES
Positive predictive value (PPV)
Likelihood that a negative test is found only in non-sick people
- true and false NEGATIVE
Negative predictive value (NPV)
Formula for sensitivity
TP/(TP+FN)
Formula for specificity
TN/(TN+FP)
Formula for positive predictive value
TP/(TP+FP)
Formula for negative predictive value
TN/(TN+FN)
High prevalence does what to positive predictive value
Improves
Low prevalence does what to positive predictive value
Harms
Likelihood a sick person will test positive
Sensitivity
Likelihood a positive test identifies a sick person
Positive predictive value
What is the percentage of a normal population that is included in 1SD
68%
What is the percentage of a normal population that is included in 2SD
95%
3 things that affect normal reference ranges
Age
Geographical location
Gender
What happens at a higher altitude
Lower oxygen
Higher RBC
What must be low to be anemic
Hemoglobin AND hematocrit
Normal fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels
60-100 mg/dL
FBGL threshold
126 mg/dL
HbA1c level indicating diabetes
> /= 6.5%
Normal HbA1c value
<5.7%
Gold standard for diagnosing diabetes
HbA1c of >/= 6.5%
Reflects 2-3 month glucose average
HbA1c
Found only 2 hours after meal
Fasting blood glucose level
Liver tests dealing with INJURY/DAMAGE
ALT and AST
Liver test dealing with FUNCTION
Bilirubin
What levels are affected if there is a loss of liver function
HIGH bilirubin
What comes first, liver damage or loss of liver function
Liver damage
What levels help estimate GFR
BUN and creatinine
Dialysis or transplant when at this level
GFR <15
See nephrologist is GFR is at what level
<30
Most specific biomarker for heart
Troponin
Which cholesterol is the good one
HDL-C
Which cholesterol is the bad one
LDL-C
Goal for total cholesterol
<200
Goal of HDL-C
> 40
Goal for LDL-C
<100
Goal for triglycerides
<150
Transports cholesterol to liver
HDL-C
Deposits cholesterol into vascular walls
LDL-C
Which metabolic panel looks at liver function, CMP or BMP
CMP
Which metabolic panel measures cardiac function, BMP or CMP
Neither
3 most common lab tests
CMP
CDC
Urinalysis
