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CS1004 - Information Systems and Organisations > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes a system?

A
  • Components that work together
  • To serve a specific purpose
    • Can scale depending on what the purpose is
    • Where boundaries are defined by how detailed you want to go
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2
Q

What is the different part of a computer system ?

A
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3
Q

What are open systems

A
  • Exchanges inputs/outputs with their environment
  • Which can be of any type
    • Information
    • Data
    • Raw material
    • Money
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4
Q

What are closed systems

A

Systems that do not interact with their environment

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5
Q

Analyse a central heating system as a system

A

**Purpose**

Keep us warm

**Components**

  • Boiler
  • Radiators
  • Thermostat
  • Pipes

**Inputs - Ouputs**

Inputs - Gas, Water, Human

Output - Hot water, Heat

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6
Q

True or False - Only having a precise description of each component is a system is not enough to enable you to understand how the system behaves

A

TRUE - If you don’t know how they interact with each other then you can understand the purpose and therefore the system

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7
Q

What is information?

A

Data is NOT information

  • Information is data that has been processed
    • Classifying
    • Rearranging
    • Summarising
    • Performing calculations
    • Selecting certain data
  • And aggregated for a purpose to summerise or come to a conclusion
  • Information then used to support a business (like profit per quarter)
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8
Q

What is information systems (generally)

A

A system designed to take in data and output information to aid and support internal decsions in a business

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9
Q

What is information systems (tech)

A

Collection of interacting computers to provide information to humans

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10
Q

What is information systems (all)

A

People, Process data and Tech Perspective

A collection of interacting computers plus humans

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11
Q

Give a summery of workforce changes.

A
  • Pattern of employment changed in last two centuries
    • Industrialisation = Decline in agriculture
    • Increase in manufacturing
  • After time, decline in manufacturing
    • Service + Information increase
    • Information sector increases faster
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12
Q

What is the information sector give examples?

A
  • Information sector - Exclusively concerned with the handling, processing, provision or transmission of information
    • Insurance
    • Banking
    • Accountancy
    • Central + Local Government
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13
Q

What is the need for an information sector?

A
  • Technological advances in communication getting cheaper
  • Easier access to information via internet
  • Business require more current info to gain competitive advantages
  • Allows for current demands which influences supply chains
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14
Q

What is transactional data?

A

Transaction data

  • Record of the sale of a product (Financial Transactions)
  • Could be recorded on paper
  • Or Series of laser-burned impressions on a compact disk
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15
Q

Why can transactional data be transactional information?

A

If using transactional data

  • Record of amount of the sale must be aggregated with other sales amounts
  • To form part of a wider balance sheet to be presented to shareholders
  • To provide a summary of the state of assets
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16
Q

How are some of the ways that data can be processed?

A
  • Classifying
  • Rearranging
  • Summarising
  • Performing calculations
  • Selecting certain data
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17
Q

Who makes decisions?

A
  • Decision takers with organisational objectives in mind
    • From a certain background
    • Certain mental way of processing
  • Who ultimately make the most effective changes to achieve cooperate objectives
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18
Q

What is meant by cognitive style?

A
  • A way an individual absorbs information
  • Process and relate the information to make decisions
  • Which filters information given to a decision maker
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19
Q

What is the two cognitive styles?

A
  • Some people take in information best if
    • Its highly detailed
    • Specific
    • quantitatively
  • Some people absorb information in a holistic way
    • Less concrete method
    • Prefers general facts
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20
Q

What are the two ways of decision making after info has been obtained?

A
  • One group is analytical when reaching a decision
    • Capable of providing detailed justification
    • Involves quantitive analysis
  • Other group rely on
    • Intuition
    • Experience
    • Rules of thumb and judgment
    • Looks at the situation from a bigger perspective
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21
Q

What are the different stages in decision making?

A
  1. intelligence - aware of the existence of the problem
  2. Design - Alternative solutions are considered including their implications and how they would be implemented
  3. Choice - Choosing a solution based on the full analysis
  4. Implementation - chosen solution is executed
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22
Q

What happens in the intelligence stage of decision making?

A
  • Decision maker is made aware of a problem
    • Through meetings
    • Or use feedback
  • The decision maker must be high enough status to make an effective decision
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23
Q

How does the design stage of the decision making process work?

A
  • Decision maker comes up with multiple solutions
    • Like increase quality of product
    • Reschedule production
    • Divert labour
24
Q

How does the choice stage of the decision process work?

A
  • Each solution has ********implications and benefits********
    • Implications aided by computers (Excel Spreadsheets)
    • Complicated if the design stage is not completed correctly
    • Experience + Rules of thumb are used to choose a solution
25
Q

Lelectronix Ltd is a e-scooter manufacturer, major retail is unhappy with a product, go through the decision making process

A
26
Q

What is structured and unstructured processes?

A

****Structured****

  • Clear rules and steps
    • Reordering Stock

****Unstructured****

  • No set of rules
    • Dealing with customer queries
    • Diversifying production

The more structured a proccess is the more likely that software can automate or support the decision

27
Q

What is the different management levels?

A
28
Q

What is the role of executive management?

A

Executive - Strategic Planning

**What if we add a new production line?****

29
Q

What is the role of middle management?

A

Middle - Management Control

**Are sales up or down****

30
Q

What is the role of supervisor managers?

A

Supervisory - Operational Control

**Is there enough of stock X?**

****Does customer X have any credit?****

31
Q

What is transaction processing?

A
  • Process data for day to day transactions
  • Through Transaction processing systems
    • Functional day to day support in business activities
    • Deterministic defined outcomes
    • Routine based with rules and limitations
  • Like payroll systems and tax calculators
32
Q

What is business processing?

A
  • One or more activites that are performed in a specific order
  • Involves different parties like seller and customer (Transaction)
33
Q

What is ATOMs purchase transaction process?

A
  1. Order from factory
  2. Receive goods
  3. Pay Bill for good
34
Q

What is ATOMs business process sales transaction processes?

A
  1. Place Order
  2. Deliver Goods
  3. Pay Bill
35
Q

What is ATOMs flow of physical good and information?

A
36
Q

What are the different types of ATOM STAFF

A
  • Warehouse Workers
  • Delivery Drivers
  • Sales Department
  • Buyer
  • Accountants
37
Q

What is the Sale Order Processing process?

A
  1. Customer orders goods
  2. Sales sends order to warehouse for dispatch + updates purchasing office on stock level
  3. After delivery approve dispatch, dispatch note returned to sales office
  4. Copy sent to accountants who make invoice
  5. Customer pays invoice
38
Q

What happens when a customers orders at ATOM?

A
  • Stock level decreases
  • If stock falls past a certain threshold
    • Find appropriate supplier
    • Write order and send to factory
    • Note the orders been raised
    • Send copy of order to accountants
39
Q

What is the customer ?

A
  • Name
  • Customer Number
  • Invoice Address
  • Telephone/Fax
40
Q

What is the data accosiated with each item?

A
  • Item no
  • Quantity
  • Description
  • Price
  • Discount
  • Net price
  • VAT
41
Q

What is the data accosiated with order?

A
  • Date
  • Customer Ref
  • Shipping information
  • Order information
  • invoice number
  • Delivery date
  • Total price
  • Total VAT
  • Total amount
42
Q

Whats the key for all the annoatations?

A

Cust. - Customer Input

C.File - Customer File

Fill - Order Fill

PC - Stock / Product Information

Calc/F - Calculation Modifiers

Calc - Calculated Outputs

43
Q

What automation can be carried out?

A

Processes can be Automated

  • Manufacturing / Calculating Total Price + VAT

Checks can be Automated

**Customer**

  • Is the customer a returning customer
  • Do they have good credit limit

****Products****

  • Is the product number valid
  • Is the quantity a reasonable quantity

****This Order****

  • Is the date to be delivered reasonable?
  • Are we able to deliver to the area
44
Q

What is the system requirements for automation?

A
  • Systems need to be able to handle the possible problems that can occur in the different transactions
  • Systems need to be able to support existing and future types of transactions
45
Q

What are the different corrections that an automation system has to account for?

A
46
Q

What are the different manigerial responsisbilities for each level

A
47
Q

What is a MIS?

A
  • Management Information System
  • Middle managment uses it to increase sales and profits
  • Produces summaries and stats to aid decision making
  • Item performance tracking (cost VS sales)
48
Q

Give an example of a MIS

A
  • Easiest to build
  • Most common MIS developed
49
Q

What is the different activites of each managerial levels?

A
50
Q

What are DSS?

A
  • Decision Support systems
  • Takes current information about the company
    • Transaction processing systems
  • Takes information about customer demands and markets
  • To help make investments depending on economy
  • Makes forecasts to aid senior manages
    • What if we cut this cost to increase costs
    • How much would we save and make in profit
    • What would happen if our supliers increase thier prices
51
Q

How do DSS work?

A
  1. Internal data Input into DSS predictive model (AI, machine learning)
  2. To Give an output that can help managers make strategic decisions
  3. Such as if we have enough money to afford a new system like robots
52
Q

What kind of data is input into a DSS?

A

****Internal data******

  • Transaction data and purchases and wages
  • Transaction data on sales and payments
  • Current account balances

****External****

  • Inflation rates
  • Market growth rates
53
Q

What kind of data is ouputted from a DSS?

A
  • Predictive cashflow
    • How much money going in and out
  • How the cashflow will be in the next 6 month basis
    • Can we afford to make changes
54
Q

What is an ES?

A
  • Expert System
  • Simulates what a human expert would decide
  • Particular knowledge area (Medical, investment plans)
  • Powered by machine learning and AI
  • Input data and follows rules and looks at input
    • To make a decision
    • Without the person inputting data to be an expert in that field
55
Q

How does machine learning work?

A

Feed into Machine Learning Models (Loan Data)

  • Through the examples that it is given
  • It learns some rules from the training data
  • When New data is given it will follow those rules
  • The MS can give it a risk class for the loan automatically
56
Q

What is the qualities of good information?

A

****Relevant****

  • Specific task or problem
  • No more or less than needed

**Accurate**

  • Free from significant error
  • Free for significant information (balance between accuracy and timely)

**Timely**

  • Available when needed
    • Not useful when late
  • Accuracy can be sacarificed to an extent

CS1004 - Information Systems and Organisations (12 decks)

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