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BLD 434 > BLD 434 Final > Flashcards

BLD 434 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general mechanism of somatic recombination

A

An enzymatic process that generates diversity of B and T cell receptors by RAG-1 & RAG-2 cutting gene segments and splicing them back together

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2
Q

What cells are involved in somatic recombination

A

B and T cells

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3
Q

What is the general mechanism of somatic hypermutation

A

Increased point mutations initiated by AID enzyme throughout the heavy and light chain V regions (not C regions)

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4
Q

What is accomplished in somatic recombination

A

isotype switching that changes antibody function

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5
Q

What cells are involved in somatic hypermutation

A

B cells

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6
Q

What is accomplished in somatic hypermutation

A

generates antibody diversity

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7
Q

What is the general mechanism of isotype switching

A

When activated B cells encounter specific signaling molecules via their CD40 receptors they undergo antibody class switching, the constant region of the heavy chain is changed, variable region stays the same

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8
Q

What is accomplished with isotype switching

A

changing a B cell’s production of antibody from one class to another

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9
Q

What cells are involved in isotype switching

A

Naive B cells

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10
Q

What is the goal of positive selection

A

Ensures only useful T cells that are able to bind MHC are released to the periphery

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11
Q

Where does positive selection occur

A

Inner cortex in the thymus

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12
Q

How does positive selection occur

A

selects for developing T cells with receptors that recognize peptide antigens presented by self MHC (Double positive thymocytes undergo + selection)

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13
Q

What cells are involved in positive selection

A

alpha-beta T cells

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14
Q

What is the goal of negative selection

A

Weeds out cells that are reactive/bind too tightly to self antigens because they can harm our body

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15
Q

What cells are involved in negative selection

A

B and T lymphocytes

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16
Q

Where does negative selection occur

A

Medulla

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17
Q

How does negative selection occur

A

T cells that bind too avidly to self antigen presented by DC or macrophages are deleted by apoptosis

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18
Q

What is the “two signal hypothesis”

A

A T cell must receive a minimum of two signals to respond to an antigen

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19
Q

What cells, receptors/ligands are involved in the two signal hypothesis

A
  1. primary signal through TCR binding cognate peptide/ MHC I or II
  2. A co-stimulatory signal through co-stimulator molecules on APC
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20
Q

List the surface proteins of naive T cell and APC

A

on surface of naive T cell: CD28 & TCR
on surface of APC: MHC II & B7

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21
Q

What would happen if the two signal hypothesis was not satisfied

A

It will prevent new naive T cells from joining the fight because they cannot receive their second signal

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22
Q

What is linked recognition

A

when an antigen is processed and presented by the B cell to the Tfh cell, in order for B cell to become activated

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23
Q

What are the cells, receptors/ligands involved in linked recognition

A

CD40 and CD40L

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24
Q

What is the outcome of linked recognition

A

T cell help for B lymphocytes to activate isotype switching and somatic hypermutation
(T dependent Ab responses)

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25
Q

What two cytokines induce differentiation of Th1?

A

IL-12 and IFN-gamma

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26
Q

What are the characteristic cytokine(s) of Th1?

A

IL-2 and IFN-gamma
- function is to activate macrophages

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27
Q

What cytokine induces of Th2?

A

IL-4

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28
Q

What is the defining TF for Th2

A

GATA-3

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29
Q

what is the defining TF for Th1

A

T-bet

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30
Q

What are the characteristic cytokine(s) of Th2?

A

IL-4 and IL-5
activate cellular and antibody response to parasites

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31
Q

What cytokine(s) induce differentiation of Th17?

A

IL-6 and IL-21

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32
Q

what is the defining TF for Th17

A

ROR gamma T

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33
Q

What are the characteristic cytokine(s) of Th17?

A

IL-17 and IL-6
Enhance neutrophil response to extracellular bacteria

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34
Q

What cytokine(s) induce differentiation of Tfh?

A

IL-16, TGF-beta, and IL-23

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35
Q

what is the defining TF for Tfh

A

BcI6

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36
Q

What are the characteristic cytokine(s) of Tfh?

A

IL-21
Active B cell maturation of antibody response

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37
Q

What cytokine(s) induce differentiation of Treg?

A

TGF-beta

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38
Q

what is the defining TF for Treg

A

FOXP3

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39
Q

What are the characteristic cytokine(s) of Treg?

A

TGF-beta and IL-10
Suppress other effector T cells, limits inflammation

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40
Q

Identify the signature cytokines produced/secreted by Tc

A

Cytotoxins: perforin, Granzymes, Granulysin, Serglycin

Cytokines: ING-gamma, LT, IL-2

Kill virus infected cells

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41
Q

Identify the signature cytokines (5) produced/secreted by Th1

A
  • IFN-gamma
  • GM-CSF
  • TNF-alpha
  • LT
  • IL-2
    Helps macrophages to suppress intracellular infections
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42
Q

Identify the signature cytokines (5) produced/secreted by Th2

A
  • IL-4
  • IL-5
  • IL-10
  • IL-13
  • TGF-beta

help basophils, mast cells, eosinophils and B cells respond to parasite infections

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43
Q

Identify the signature cytokines produced/secreted by Th17

A
  • IL-17
  • IL-21
  • IL-22
  • IL-26

Enhance neutrophil response to fungal and extracellular bacterial infections

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44
Q

Identify the signature cytokines produced/secreted by Tfh

A
  • IL-21
  • IL-4
  • IFN-gamma

Help B cells become activated, isotype switching and increase antibody affinity

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45
Q

Identify the signature cytokines produced/secreted by Treg

A
  • TGF-beta
  • IL-10
  • IL-35

Suppress activities of other effector T cell populations

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46
Q

What cells function as professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells, B lymphocytes and Macrophages

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47
Q

Identify the common CD markers used to identify human B cells

A

CD19 and CD20

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48
Q

What cell markers are used to identify all T cells, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

A

All: CD3+
Cytotoxic: CD4+ & CD8+
Helper: CD3+ & CD4+

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49
Q

What are NK cell markers

A

CD56 and/or CD16

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50
Q

Innate immunity

A

the immunity that you are born with, fast, yet fixed response, limited specificity

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51
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

genes are arranged during development, slow response at first, variable, high specificity

52
Q

Active immunity

A

the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen

53
Q

Passive immunity

A

the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal, ex: mother to baby

54
Q

Primary immunity

A

first response to the antigen; fast in innate and slow in adaptive

55
Q

Secondary immunity

A

the second response to the antigen, fast, adaptive immunity has memory for this antigen

56
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

the immune response that involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen

57
Q

Humoral immunity

A

the immunity by molecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain peptides

58
Q

When are B-1 cells first produced

A

fetus

59
Q

When are B-2 cells first produced

A

after birth

60
Q

Are B-1 cells self renewing

A

Yes

61
Q

Are B-2 cells self renewing

A

No, they are replaced in the bone marrow

62
Q

Do B-1 cells have high or low spontaneous Ig production

A

High

63
Q

Do B-2 cells have high or low spontaneous Ig production

A

Low

64
Q

What is the major isotype secreted by B-1

A

IgM»IgG

65
Q

What is the major isotype secreted by B-2

A

IgG>IgM

66
Q

What is the level of somatic hypermutation of B-1 cells

A

little to none

67
Q

What is the level of somatic hypermutation of B-2 cells

A

High

68
Q

N-regions in VDJ functions in B-1 cells?

A

Few

69
Q

N-regions in VDJ functions in B-2 cells?

A

Extensive

70
Q

V-region in B-1 cells?

A

Restricted

71
Q

V-region in B-2 cells?

A

Diverse

72
Q

Primary location of B-1 cells?

A

Peritoneal and pleural cavities

73
Q

Primary location of B-2 cells?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

74
Q

Requirement for T-cell help in B-1 cells?

A

No

75
Q

Requirement for T-cell help in B-2 cells?

A

Yes

76
Q

Memory development with B-1 cells?

A

Little to none

77
Q

Memory development with B-2 cells?

A

Yes

78
Q

Describe/define a T dependent B cell response

A

Require T cell help for proper response

79
Q

Describe/define a T independent B cell response

A

Antigens cause B cells responses in the absence of T cell help

80
Q

Is a memory response produced form T-dependent or T-independent B cell response?

A

T-dependant

81
Q

What is the site of development for alpha-beta T cells?

A

Thymus

82
Q

What is the site of development of gamma-delta T cells?

A

Thymus

83
Q

Describe the T-cell receptor diversity of alpha-beta T cells

A

Large (90%)

84
Q

Describe the T-cell receptor diversity of gamma-delta T cells

A

Small to medium (10%)

85
Q

Does positive or negative selection occur in alpha-beta T cells?

A

both

86
Q

Does positive or negative selection occur in gamma-delta T cells?

A

neither

87
Q

What are the target antigens of alpha-beta T cells?

A

Peptides presented by MHC class I or class II molecules

88
Q

What are the target antigens of gamma-delta T cells?

A

Self proteins resembling MHC class I molecules

89
Q

Which are more abundant in blood, alpha-beta or gamma-delta T cells?

A

Alpha-beta

90
Q

Which are more abundant in tissue, alpha-beta or gamma-delta T cells?

A

alpha beta

91
Q

Describe the activation of alpha-beta T cells

A

Circulate in inactive form that requires several days of activation

92
Q

Describe the activation of gamma-delta T cells

A

Present in tissues in a form that is quick to response to infection and other forms of stress

93
Q

What is the overall function of alpha-beta T cells?

A

Adaptive immunity

94
Q

What is the overall function of gamma-delta T cells?

A

Tissue homeostasis; surveillance, protection and repair

95
Q

Describe the B cell receptor in regards to…
- Chains
- What it binds
- What its associated with
- Where rearrangement occurs

A
  • Two heavy chains and two light chains
  • Binds intact proteins, glycoproteins or lipoprotein
  • Associated with IgAlpha and IgBeta signaling molecules
  • Rearranged in bone marrow
96
Q

Describe the T cell receptor in regards to…
- Chains
- What it binds
- What its associated with
- Where rearrangement occurs

A
  • Single TCRalpha and TCRbeta chains
  • Binds processed proteins as peptide fragments in MHC
  • Associated with CD3 signaling complex
    -CD4 and CD8 co-receptors
  • Rearranged in thymus
97
Q

List the characteristic of IgG

A
  • Transported across the placenta and can diffuse into extravascular sights
  • Circulates in blood
98
Q

What is the FcR of IgG?

A
  • FcRN
  • FcgammaRI
  • FcgammaRII
  • FcgammaRIII
99
Q

What is the ultimate function of IgG?

A
  • Neutralization
  • Osponization
    -sensitize for NK killing
  • Activation of complement
  • ADCC (antibody dependent cellular toxicity)
100
Q

List the characteristics of IgM

A
  • First antibody isotype made in a primary immune response
  • Pentamer (BIG)
  • Circulates in blood
101
Q

What is the FcR of IgM?

A

FcuR (FcmuR)

102
Q

What is the ultimate function of IgM?

A

Activation of complement

103
Q

List the characteristics of IgD

A

Associated with allergic reactions

104
Q

What is the FcR of IgD?

A

Fc dependent

105
Q

What is the ultimate function of IgD?

A

Sensitization of basophils

106
Q

List the characteristics of IgE

A

Functions primarily in anti-parasitic immunity

107
Q

What is the FcR of IgE?

A

FceRI

108
Q

What is the ultimate function of IgE?

A

Sensitization of mast cells

109
Q

List the characteristics of IgA

A

Transported across the mucosal epithelium, dimer

Diffused into extravascular sites like blood, monomer

110
Q

What is the FcR of IgA?

A

FcalphaRI

111
Q

What is the ultimate function of IgA?

A

Neutralization

112
Q

Identify the initiation of activation of the alternative pathway

A

Activated by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3

113
Q

Identify the initiation of activation of the classical pathway

A

Activated by C-reactive protein

114
Q

Identify the initiation of the lectin pathway

A

Activated by mannose binding lectin (MBL)

115
Q

What are the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway?

A

iC3Bb and C3bBb

116
Q

What are the C3 convertase of the classical and lectin pathways?

A

C4b2a

117
Q

What are the C5 convertase of the alternative pathway?

A

C3bBb3b

118
Q

What are the C5 convertase of the classical and lectin pathways?

A

C4b2a3b

119
Q

What the is MAC of the 3 pathways of complement?

A

C5-C9

120
Q

List primary immune tissues for B and T cells

A

Bone marrow (b cells) and thymus (T cells)

121
Q

List secondary immune tissues

A

Spleen, adenoid and tonsils

122
Q

Describe the general characteristics of secondary lymphoid tissue

A

The maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune response, naive T cells interact with APC in secondary lymphoid tissue and induce T cell activate
GALT, BALT & MALT

123
Q

serology testing

A

study of non cellular components of blood (serum) ie soluble proteins

124
Q

What does a positive IgM test indicate

A

current or recent infection by itself

125
Q

What does a positive IgG test indicate

A

indicates past infection or immunity

126
Q

What does a positive IgG & IgM test indicate

A

chronic infection

127
Q

What does a positive IgE test indicate

A

allergic reponse

BLD 434 (3 decks)

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