Blaze Imperialism Test Flashcards
imperialism
domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
protectorate
country with their own government but under the control of an outside power
spheres of influence
are in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
direct rule
system of gov in which a province is controlled by a central gov. Delegate from motherland ruling foreign country
indirect rule
system of gov of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers. local ruling for the mother country
Dr. David livingstone
british doctor and (christian) missionary who traveled to africa and wrote about the people with more sympathy. He walked around Africa like 30 times.
king leopold II
king of belgium from 1865-1909; founded and exploited the congo state (literally satan) (chopped of hands, mass rapes/homicide)
berlin conference
european powers met in 1884 (no Africans were invited) how to divide Africa: | free trade still remained over the Niger and congo rivers | set up gov office and exerted power of locals | France had the most African land
Aftermath of the berlin conference
Europe got control over almost all of Africa / established new borders / had the map redrawn without regard towards tradition and ethnic boundaries
Boer war
wars between self-governing Boer republics (south africans, descendants of Dutch) and Britain over the gold found there. British win –> racial segregation lasted until 1993 (Apartheid)
Menelik II
emperor of Ethiopia and the Negus of Shewa from 1889-1913- westernized and thwarts Italy
Pasha
province ruler in the Ottoman empire/muslim world
Armenian genocide
started from nationalism tensions; muslim turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plants against the Ottoman empire, repressive policies were placed on the Armenians; Armenians fought back but were killed by the sultan
Effects of the Armenian Genocide
million Armenians –> 800,000 Armenians, about 1.6 million Armenians were killed
young turks
liberals; led the Young Turk movement insisting reform to save the Ottoman empire in the 1890s. The Sultan was overthrown by the movement in 1908 and war erupted in 1914 (angry h8rz- wanted Armenian Genocide)
muhammad Ali
religious leader and Sufi teacher; claimed Mahdi by disciples in 1881; led fight against British expansion. Westernized Egypt. When he died, everyone gets oofed.
mahdi
Muslim savior of the faith
suez canal
waterway connecting the mediterranean sea with the red sea, reduced travel time between Europe and Asia. Initially Egyptian –> French. Lots o’ money
qajars
shahs that ruled persia (modern day Iran- which had oil) (Britain and Russia wanted that OIL)
british east india company
Company based out of England that was ruling over India (indirect rule-ish) Form their own army, print their own money, etc. (BEIC)
sati
a former practice in India where a widow threw herself into her husband’s funeral pyre- only for upper class women. (one good thing out of british east india company- they banned it)
sepoy
An Indian soldier serving under British command.
sepoy mutiny (rebellion)
They forced sepoys to go overseas- violated religious rules. If sepoys were to shoot a bullet they’d have to grease it with animal fat, but cows/pork were sacred (cows-hindu, pork-muslims). Rose up and fought back against BEIC- big fail
Effects of sepoy rebellion
England takes out BEIC and puts in the country to rule
viceroy
a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign (foreign born- direct rule)
ram mohun roy
Father of indian nationalism. Realized that India done screwed up and super behind. Also realized westernization vs indian culture, and balanced the two. Suggested no purdah. Founded Indian national congress
purdah
isolation of women, not allowed out of the house
indian national congress
Congress of Indians that fought for the rights of indians whilst under English control. Rep all of India
muslim league
Formed out of the indian national congress, felt that the congress was too hindu-centric.
trade surplus
exporting more than you’re importing (good!)
trade deficit
importing more than you’re exporting (BAD!)
opium war
the war caused by Britain selling Opium to China, and when China tried to stand up for themselves they got demolished since Britain ahd advanced military tech
indemnity
payment for losses in war
extraterritoriality
the right to live under your motherland’s laws and be tried in your own courts
taiping rebellion
hong xiuquan led peasants to rebel because they didn’t like the oppressive gov (lasted 14 years boiii). It failed- but not by much, but the Qing had to share power with regional commanders
express Ci Xi
conservative ruler who stayed true to Confucian traditions- tried to fix china
sino japanese war
the war between japan and china where japan won and got korea and taiwan. Japanese were obviously more western
open door policy
it called for China to keep their trade open to everyone on an equal basis. Everyone else agreed except China
boxer uprising
when peasants (AKA boxers) formed a secret society (righteous harmonious fists) to eradicate foreigners from China by killing them; defeated by japan and western powers
commodore matthew perry
an american that demanded Japan open its ports to trade
treaty of kanagawa
The treaty that the Japanese signed saying that Japan accepted demands to help shipwrecked sailors. This trade also opened two ports to American trade.
most favored nation
BFF in trade
meiji restoration
When a young emperor began is reign where a lot of reforms were put in place in order to industrialize
diet
legislature that was made up of one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor (modelled off germans)
zaibatsu
powerful banking and industrial families. Super influential in the diet
homogenous society
community of people who share a common culture and language
russo japanese war
war between Japan and Russia where Japan kicked Russia’s butt. They took control of Korea and parts of Manchuria
treaty of portsmouth
treaty that was signed in 1905 to end the russo-japanese war and japan received control of Korea. Korea doesn’t like it
french indochina
Three nations- Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia. VLC
king monkut
Leader of Siam; rule from 1851-1868. Recognized that they needed change, selectively westernize, didn’t get taken over. Son screws it up
queen liliuokalani
the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests (Dole pineapple & sugar planters)
spanish american war
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans’ fight for independence (also involved the Philippines). America got Cuba and Philippines
emilio aguinaldo
Filipino who was lead both the Philippine revolution against Spain and then the United States. Lost
maoris
Natives of New Zealand
regionalism
loyalty to a local area. Proud of your region (like nationalism)
caudilos
powerful local strongmen that were sometimes former military leaders. (military dictators)
economic dependence
when economies/economic agents depend on each other. Only trade with mother country
caudillo
military dictator in Latin America
benito juarez
liberal that started La Reforma. He revised the constitution in Mexico to take power away from the military and church. He was eventually elected president.
porfirio diaz
After Benito- dictator and undos everything Juarez put in place. First a hero in war against french, and used military to gain power. Strengthened army, local police, central gov, and made economic advances. Any opposition was yeeted. (bad guy)
monroe doctrine
doctrine issued by President James Monroe that stated that American continents are henceforth not be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. (considered an act of war)
roosevelt corollary
(Ted) Roosevelt’s extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has international police power in the Western Hemisphere.
causes of imperialism
economic / exploratory / political / racism / industrialization /bring jesus
why was western imperialism so successful
older, nonwestern, civilizations were weakening | europeans had strong economies, well organized gov and powerful armies and navies | money, and were just more powerful in general
examine the resistance to imperialism. Was it successful, why or why not?
For the most part it wasn’t, since once the imperialized nations realized what was happening it was too late to fight back. Plus, most of them tried to reform, but were either unsuccessful or successful but were met with problems afterwards. Japan was the exception, since they were easily able to industrialize to keep up with the Europeans.
what were the sources of stress in the muslim world
central gov lost control over powerful groups | corruption was widespread | religious tension | some muslims scholars and religious leaders allied with state | some scholars and leaders helped stir discontent against gov
what problems did the ottoman empire face
increasing European pressure from Britain, Russia, and France | Nationalism ideas which weakened the gov and lead to the Armenian genocide
how did egypt modernize
Muhammad Ali introduced the ideas of ending the power of the oligarchy and taking farms from the landowning class. He reduced the power of religious leaders, and improved tax collection. He also improved the military with the help of some Western experts and put Egypt into world trade. Also there was the Suez Canal.
why were european powers interested in Iran and Egypt
They had a lot of natural resources, like oil and their geographical location made the places ideal. For Egypt it was the Suez Canal and for Iran it was the oil.
Causes and effects of the sepoy rebellion
They were treated like trash. Religion was disrespected. Biting the bullet.Parliament ended the rule of the BEIC in India and replaced it with more direct rule. There were also more taxes, and reforms were slowed.
examine the british indian relationship
Britain mostly exploited India for their resources, like cotton. They were also constantly trying to keep India under their thumb so they wouldn’t rebel or be taken over by other countries like Russia. They didn’t care about the wellbeing of the people, they only wanted money from trade.
What trade rights did westerners seek in China? What internal problems did Chinese reformers try to solve? How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?
They wanted extraterritoriality, plus an open door policy. In general, they wanted to have a trade advantage and money so they forced China into treaties that made them pay Britain money. China’s reformers wanted to improve their westernization in order to keep up with everyone else. The Qing dynasty ended when Ci Xi died and a two year old inherited the throne. This made China chaotic and uprisings quickly took over in order to form a republic.
How and why did Japan differ from the rest of the imperialized nations
Japan, unlike other nations, actually tried to step up their game. They were eventually able to westernize and beat both Russia and China in seperate wars. They quickly and successfully westernized and made the diet, improved their military, and industrialized.
what impact did European colonization have on southeast asia
European colonization led to modern technology and expanded commerce/industry being introduced. These countries were modernized, but not at the benefit of the locals.
how did canada, New Zealand, and Australia achieve self rule
There were a lot of white people in all of these countries and Britain felt like white people could rule themselves, unlike India and African countries. Specifically in australia, England worried about other imperialist nations taking parts of Australia, so they helped the separate colonies unite.
what political and economic problems faced new latin american nations
Latin American nations were still stuck in the cycle of economic dependence with America heavily investing in Latin America.
how did mexico struggle with stability? How did the US influence Latin America?
Mexico had trouble with their economy, they were still stuck in economic dependence with industrialized nations. They got a lot of foreign goods, but that only made the upper class rich and that money didn’t trickle down. The United States invested in Latin America, giving them technology for them to give back natural resources.
