Bladder cancer Flashcards
1
Q
What type of cancer are most bladder cancers
A
Transitional cell carcinoma
2
Q
What are the aetiologies of bladder cancer
A
Schistosomiasis
- increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma
- chronic inflammation of urinary tract
- 20 year latency
- well differentiated with good prognosis
Smoking
Rubber industry (aromatic amines), leather industry, metal industry
3
Q
What are some epidemiological factors of bladder cancer
A
- M:F = 3:1
- Incidence peaks in 8th decade
- > 40yrs
- Family history
4
Q
How do bladder cancers present
A
- Lower urinary tract symptoms
- Painless haematuria
- Frequency
- Urgency
- Dysuria
- Abdominal pain
- Weight loss
5
Q
What are some investigations conducted in suspected bladder cancer cases
A
General examination Abdominal examination DR External genitalia Urine dipstick Flexible cystoscopy CT/USS & XR
Bloods FBC U&E LFT CLS
cystocopy & biopsy diagnostic
6
Q
What are the treatments of bladder cancer
A
Non-invasive
-Resection +- intravesical chemo (mitomycin-reduced recurrence)
Localised muscle invasive disease
-requires radical treatment
-radical cystectomy w/ neo adjuvant chemo
or
-radical radio (if unfit for surgery-poorer outcome)
