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BL > BL S8 The Digestive System > Flashcards

BL S8 The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus during digestion.

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2
Q

What are the four layers to the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externae
Serosa or adventia

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

What is found in the lamina propria?

A

Aggregations of lymph tissue called lymphatic nodules.

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5
Q

What is the submucosa made of and what is found in it?

A

Connective tissue

Glands
Arteries
Veins
Lymphatics 
Nerves

GAVLN

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6
Q

What are the 2 layers of the smooth muscle in the muscularis externae and how can they be distinguished between?

A

Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.

Inner layer - central circular nuclei
Outer layer - elongated cigar shaped

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7
Q

What is the structural difference between adventitia and serosa?

A

Adventitia consists of loose connective tissue only.

Whereas serosa consists of a layer mesothelium and a layer of loose connective tissue.

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8
Q

What is the difference in where adventitia is compared to serosa?

A

Adventitia is found covering retroperitoneal organs, whereas serosa is found covering intreaperitoneal organs.

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9
Q

What is the functional difference between adventitia and serosa?

A

Serosa secretes fluid for lubrication, whereas adventitia is mainly there to bind to structures.

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10
Q

Name the visceral and parietal layers of the serosa.

A

Visceral layer is the loos connective tissue membrane.

Parietal layer is the mesothelium.

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11
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract?

A 
Entry point for food
Mechanically disrupt 
Store food
Chemically digest 
Kill pathogens
Move food along tract
Absorb nutrients from resultant solution
Elimination/ defecation - residual waster
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12
Q

Define digestion

A

The conversion of food by physical and chemical disruption into a sterile, isotonic and neutral pH solution from which we will absorb nutrients.

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13
Q

What are some properties of saliva?

A

Enzymes - amylase and lipase - chemically digests
Bacteriostatic - IgA - halts/ prevents bacterial growth
High in calcium - protect teeth and calcium from leeching out
Alkaline - pH buffers
Assist swallowing - lubrication

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14
Q

What is physical disruption in the mouth carried out by?

A

Teeth, tongue and muscle of mastication.

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15
Q

Peristalsis works independant of gravity, true or false?

A

True

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16
Q

Where is the fastest GI transport?

A

Entry -oesophagus

Exit - rectum/ anus

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17
Q

What type of epithelium is the in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised.

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18
Q

What type of gland is found within the submucosa of the oesophagus?

A

Mucus secreting glands

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19
Q

As stomach fills with food, its walls relax. What is this called?

A

Receptive relaxation.

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20
Q

How does the stomach seal protect?

A

Secrets mucus

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21
Q

Through the combined action of what does the stomach produced chyme?

A

Acid- HCl
Physical disruption - 3 muscle layers + rugae
Enzymes - proteolytic enzymes

Acid and enzymes = chemical disruption

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22
Q

What can be said about the tonicity of the chyme produced?

A

Hypertonic

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23
Q

Where is chyme from stomach delivered to?

A

Duodenum

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24
Q

What is the function of the gastric rugae?

A

Allow for expansion of the stomach upon new food contents entering.

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25
Q

What is the third layer of smooth muscle in the muscularis externae of the stomach called?

A

Oblique

26
Q

What four regions are gastric glands compromised of?

A

Pit
Isthmus
Neck
Base

27
Q

What is found in the pit?

A

Surface mucous cells

28
Q

What is found in the isthmus?

A

Stem cells, mucous cells and parietal cells

29
Q

What is found in the neck of a GG?

A

Enteroendocrine cells, parietal cells and mucous neck cells.

30
Q

What is found in the base?

A

Parietal, Enteroendocrine cells, chief cells.

31
Q

What are the roles of stem cells?

A

Divide to populate gland by upward or downward migration.

32
Q

What is the function of parietal cells?

A

Secrete H+ ions into lumen and HCO3- ions into capillaries from where they will diffuse into the surface mucous cells.

33
Q

What is the function of chief cells?

A

Release pepsinogens which are converted into pepsin extracellularly.

Pepsinogens partially hydrolyse proteins.

34
Q

What is the functions of Enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secrete hormone gastrin.

The gastric mucosa reacts to this by secreting acid.

35
Q

What are the properties of mucous secreted?

A

Resistant to degradation from pepsin

Contains HCO3- ions to neutralise the effects of nearby H+ ions - protecting the stomach lining.

36
Q

What is mucus released in response to?

A

Distension
New stomach contents
Acid secretion from gastric glands

37
Q

What is aspirin’s effect on surface mucous cells?

A

Impairs mucous production from these cells, eventually leads to their damage.

38
Q

How will damaged cells within a gastric gland be replaced?

A

Mitosis of stem cell in the isthmus.

39
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

20-25cm

40
Q

How is the duodenum involved in the dilution and neutralisation of chyme?

A

Brunners gland - secrete bicarbonate rich mucous to neutralise.
H20 drawn in from ECF - hypertonic to hypotonic
Bile from liver - contains water, alkalis and bile salts - neutralisation and emulsification.
Pancreas secrete alkali to neutralise.

41
Q

How is digestion of chyme completed?

A

Pancreatic, liver and intestinal enzymes which act with bile.

42
Q

What is needed for absorption?

A

Energy - active process
Large SA - gut folded VIII - microvilli
Goo blood supply and drainage.

43
Q

What is the length, SA and diameter of the small intestine

A

22 feet long
1 inch diameter
25m^2

44
Q

What does the duodenum absorb?

A

Iron

45
Q

What does the Jejunum absorb?

A

Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids

46
Q

What does the ileum absorb?

A

Vit B12
Bile acids
Remaining nutrients

47
Q

What type of cells line the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium, with microvilli.

Goblet cells.

48
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

A dilated lymphatic capillary vessel.

49
Q

Who long in and wide in the large intestine?

A

1.2m and 6-9cm wide

50
Q

What are the crypts of Lieberkühn and where are they found?

A

Intestinal glands

Found in the small and large intestine.

51
Q

What do surface epithelial cells of the large intestine do?

A

Absorb water and Electrolytes.

52
Q

Where is faeces stored?

A

In colon.

53
Q

If urge to defecate is not acted upon what will happen?

A

Rectum contents are returns to the colon via reverse peristalsis.

54
Q

If faeces is stored for too long in the colon what will be the result?

A

More water will be reabsorbed - harden - constipation.

55
Q

What roles do GI tract bacteria carry out?

A

Synthesis of vit K, B12 and riboflavin W.
Breakdown of primary to secondary bile acids.
Convert bilirubin to non-pigmented metabolites.

56
Q

What can problems with fluid balance result in?

A

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

57
Q

What areas of the GI tract are under somatic control?

A

Mouth and 1/3 of oesophagus

Last sphincter of anus.

58
Q

Where do the autonomic post-ganglionic neurones form plexuses?

A

Between muscle layers of muscularis externae - myentric plexus

Between submucosa and muscularis externae - submucosal plexus.

59
Q

How is gut under paracrine control?

A

Histamine - controls acid production in stomach

Vasoactive - substances affect the blood flow in the gut

60
Q

How is the gut under endocrine control?

A

Range of hormones control
Secretion of stomach acid
Alkali secretion from liver and pancreas
Enzyme secretion

61
Q

Generally the gut is controlled by enzymes it makes itself, true or false?

A

True.

BL (12 decks)

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