BL L25 Flashcards
Approaches to anatomy (4 types)
- Body regions
- Systems
- Radiological approach to anatomy
- Surgical anatomy e.g. how to get to the liver
Body regions - 8 major ones
- Head
- Neck
- Thorax
- Back
- Abdomen
- Pelvis/perineum
- Lower limb
- Upper limb
Regions of the lower limb (not leg - this is not the correct term!)
- Gluteal region
- Anterior thigh region
- Posterior thigh region
- Anterior knee region
- Posterior knee region
- Anterior leg region
- Posterior leg region
- Anterior talocrural (ankle) region
- Posterior talocrural region
- Foot region
What is the anatomical position?
• Face forward, with your eyes and toes pointing in the same direction
• Put your arms by your sides with the palms facing forwards
• Put your lower limbs close together with your feet parallel to each other
- Tongue needs to be touching top of your mouth
- Penis erect
Planes - ‘Slicing the body - sectional anatomy’
- Sagittal plane: cuts the body into left and right halfs
- Median sagittal plane - cuts the body down the middle into each left and right halves
- Para-sagittal plane - cuts the body off the midline (two unequal halves)
- Coronal plane: Slice the body into front and back halfs (think of putting on a crown)
- Transverse plane/axial plane: cut the body into top and bottom
What plane is this taken in?
Coronal plane
What plane is this taken in?
Sagittal plane
What plane is this taken in?
4 major ways of taking about position (top, bottom, front, back)
- Superior: closer to the top of the head
- Inferior: closer to the soles of the feet
- Anterior: closer to the abdominal wall
- Posterior: closer to the spine in the back
What is an important thing to remember when taking about superior, inferior, … etc
Relative terms, not absolute
e.g. can’t say the mouth is superior. Must say, mouth is superior to the neck. Equally can’t say belly button is anterior. Must say, belly button is anterior to the heart.
MUST COMPARE IT TO SOMETHING ELSE
Embryology terms…
These are different due to folding, embroyo position is C shaped!
Embryo - two terms used to describe relative positions
Rostral - closer to the nose
Caudal - closer to the tail
Ventral
Dorsal
Meaning of elevation and depression
- Elevation: moving a body part in a superior direction
- Depression: moving a body part in an inferior direction
Meaning of superficial, intermediate, deep
- Superficial
- Intermediate
- Deep
All relative
e.g. skin is superficial to muscle
bone is deep to muscle
Proximal and distal
Relates to how far the structure is from the body to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
e.g. elbow is distal to the shoulder
elbow is proximal to the wrist
Medial and lateral
Medial - closer to the midline
Lateral - further from the midline
Palmer and dorsal
Specific to hands
- Palm of the hand is the palmer surface
- Back of hand is the dorsal surface
Plantar and dorsal
Specific to the foot
Terms of laterality - Name of structures that are on the same side? Name of structures that are on opposite sides?
Structure on the same side - ipsilateral (e.g. left hand and left foot)
Structures on opposite side - contralateral (e.g. left hand and right foot)
What is situs invertus?
Genetic condition in which the organs in the chest and abdomen are positioned in a mirror image from their normal positions
What is dextrocardia?
Dextrocardia is a condition in which the heart is pointed toward the right side of the chest. Normally, the heart points toward the left. The condition is present at birth
Terms of movement, movement occur:
- At joints
- In a given plane (e.g. moving in the sagittal plane or the coronal plane etc)
- With reference to the anatomical position
Flexion and extension - what are this?
Flexion - decreasing the angle of the joint
Extension - increasing anlge of the joint
Flexion and extension mostly occurs in….
…Sagittal plane
- extension and flexion of lower limb
- extension and flexion of the shoulder joint
- extension and flexion of the elbow joint
- torso, wrist, knee and fingers as well (can’t remember the technical way of saying this)
Generally is flexion anterior or posterior?
Anterior
Why does the knee flexion move the leg posteriorly?
Embryology - Upper limbs rorate OUT 90 degrees (this is why elbow flexion is forwards)
Lower limbs rotate IN 90 degrees (this is why the knee flexion is backwards)
What plane does abduction and adduction occur in?
Coronal plane
What plane does medial and lateral rotation occur in?
Transverse plane
What is abduction and adduction?
- ABduction takes structures away from the midline (if you are abducted you get ‘taken away’)
- ADduction brings structures back towards the midline, however it is possible to adduct beyond the midline
What is lateral rotation and medial rotation?
Lateral and medial rotation are best appreciated with the elbow or knee flexed to 90 degrees. This emphasises that rotation occurs typically about the shoulder and hip joints.
- Lateral rotation: Rotating the limb away from the centre line (medial line) of the body
- Medial rotation: Rotating the limb towards the centre (medial line) of the body
What is circumduction?
Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
All 4 combinations, working together
What is protonation and supination?
- Protonation: Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces backwards
- Supination: Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces forward
What is supine and prone?
Supine: lying supine means lying face up.
Prone: lying prone is facing downward
Specialised hand movements
- 4 fingers are in the coronal plane
- Thumb is in the sagittal plane (has been rotated 90 degrees!)
Ankle has specialised terms - Dorsiflexion
Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint
Ankle has specialised terms - plantarflexion
Plantarflexion - Increasing the angle or the ankle joint
Ankle has specialised terms - Eversion
Eversion - Rotating the ankle so that the sole of the foot points away from the other
Ankle has specialised terms - Inversion
Inversion - Rotating the ankle so that the sole of the foot point towards the other (points towards the other ankle)
