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_Sem 1. BL NOTES > BL L10 > Flashcards

BL L10 Flashcards

1
Q

Major endocrine cells

A

‘HPPT-PAPOT’

  • Hypothalmus
  • Pineal
  • Ptuitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Testes
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2
Q

Organs containing endocrine cells (minor organs that contain endocrine cells/tissues)

A
  • Thymus
  • Heat
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Kidney
  • Small intestine
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3
Q

Pituitary gland (2 parts): Location, secretes

A 
Major endocrine cells 
Location: Base of the brain 
Secretes: 
Anterior - TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, MSH, prolactin
'FLAT PeG' 
Posterior - ADH, vasopressin, oxytocin
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4
Q

Thyroid gland: Location, secretes

A

Major endocrine cells
Location: Anterior to teachea (2 lobes)
Secretes: Thyroxin (T4) and T3

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5
Q

Parathyroid gland: Location, secretes

A

Major endocrine cells
Location: Lies on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland (4 glands - 2 pairs)
Secretes: PTH (parathormone)

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6
Q

Adrenal gland: Location, secretes

A

Major endocrine cells
Location: Top of each kidney (2 sections - medulla is inner and 2 cortex surrounds medulla)
Secretes: Cortex secretes corticosteriods (glucosteroids and mineralsteroids).
Small amounts of progestin, estrogen, androgen

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7
Q

Pancreas

A

Major endocrine cells
Location: Left of and behind the stomach (exocrine and endocrine gland)
Secretes -
Exocrine secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum
Endocrine has cell clusters called Islets of Langerhans, alpha islet cells produce glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin (THIS OCCURS IN THE PANCREAS)

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8
Q

Heart (minor organs that contain endocrine cells/tissues) (don’t need to know until S2)

A

Hormone: Atrial natriuretic factors
Function: Relaxes arterioles, inhibits renin and aldosterone production and prevents sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney

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9
Q

Stomach (minor organs that contain endocrine cells/tissues) (don’t need to know until S2)

A

Hormone: Gastrin
Ghrelin
Leptin
Somatostatin
Secretin
Function: Stimulates gastric acid secretion
Stimulates feeding behaviour in the CNS
Appetite control
Inhibits the secretion and action of many hormones
Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas

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10
Q

Liver (minor organs that contain endocrine cells/tissues) (don’t need to know until S2)

A 
Hormone: Insulin-like growth
factor
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin
Thrombopoietin
Function: Stimulated by GH and mediates GH-dependent growth
Precursor molecule for angiotensin
Increases blood pressure, acts a vasoconstrictor
Regulates the production of platelets
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11
Q

Duodenum (minor organs that contain endocrine cells/tissues) (don’t need to know until S2)

A

Hormone: Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Function: Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the emptying of the gall bladder

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12
Q

Kidney (minor organs that contain endocrine cells/tissues) (don’t need to know until S2)

A

Hormone: Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
Thrombopoietin
Function: Enzyme that converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2; (also made by the placenta)
Production of red blood cells by the bone marrow
Promotes calcium absorption by the intestine and mobilisation from bone
Regulates the production of platelets

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13
Q

Thrombopoitin (where is it made, what is function)

A

Thrombopoietin is made by the liver and the kidney’s. It has the same function in both. It regulates the production of platelets.

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14
Q

Types of hormones - Name the 4 categories

A
  • Peptide hormones
  • Steroid hormones
  • Catecholamines
  • Thyroid hormones
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15
Q

Peptide hormones (Synthesis and storage, transport in blood, location in receptor, response to receptor-ligand binding, examples)

A

Synthesis and storage: Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles
Transport in blood: Dissolved in plasma (soluble)
Location of receptor: Cell membrane
Response to receptor-ligand binding: Activation of second messenger systems; may activate genes
Examples: Insulin, glucagon, Prolactin, ACTH, PTH

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16
Q

Steroid hormones (Synthesis and storage, transport in blood, location in receptor, response to receptor-ligand binding, examples)

A

Synthesis and storage: Synthesised on demand from precursors (not stored)
Transport in blood: Bound to carrier proteins
Location of receptor: Cytoplasm or nucleus; some have membrane receptors too
Response to receptor-ligand binding: Activation of genes for transcription and translation; may have nongenomic actions
Examples: Oestrogen, androgens, aldosterone, progesterone, cortisol

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17
Q

Catecholamines (amino acid derived hormones) - (Synthesis and storage, transport in blood, location in receptor, response to receptor-ligand binding, examples)

A

Synthesis and stored: Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles
Transport in blood: Dissolved in plasma
Location of receptor: Cell membrane
Response to receptor-ligand binding: Activation of second messenger systems
Example: Adrenaline, noradrenaline

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18
Q

Thyroid hormones (amino acid derived hormones) - (Synthesis and storage, transport in blood, location in receptor, response to receptor-ligand binding, examples)

A

Synthesis and storage: Made in advance; precursor stored in secretory vesicles
Transport in blood: Bound to carrier proteins
Location of receptor: Nucleus
Response to receptor-ligand binding: Activation of genes for transciption and translation
Examples: T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothryonine)

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19
Q

Meaning of pleiotropic effect

A

Have an effect everywhere in the body

20
Q

Hypothalamus (what type of ‘feelings’ is it associated with?)

A

Thermoregulation, panting, sweating, shivering, etc.
– Plasma osmolality via osmoreceptors
– Heart rate, blood pressure
– Feeding, satiety, regulation of the gastrointestinal tract
– Circadian rhythms, wakefulness, sleep (nerves from retina)/ hormones (melatonin from pineal gland)
– Stimuli from the autonomic nervous system (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)
– Emotion, sexual behaviour, mood
– Lactation (suckling/baby crying)

21
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin that travel to posterior pituitary through nerves
– Six hormones that travel via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (blood) to the anterior
pituitary.

22
Q

What is the other name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

23
Q

Describe the pituitary gland

A
  • Divided into two lobes
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Posterior pituitary
24
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytoin made?

A

Neurones make these hormones in the hypothalamus and pass down the pituitary stalk to the posterior pituitary to be released here

25
Q

Meaning of the portal system in the pituitary gland?

A

Portal circulatory systems differ from the typical circulatory route in that the blood passes through two sets of smaller vessels before returning to the heart. Blood from the first set of capillaries collects in the portal vessels which then begin to branch again to supply a capillary network in a second location before entering a series of veins which lead to the heart.

26
Q

Name the portal system that exists in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

27
Q

Type of secretion of the endocrine pituitary cell

A

Constitutive and Regulated merocrine secretion. This is why there is always a small concentration of these hormones in the blood

28
Q

Development of the endocrine system

A
  • At 4 weeks gestation, no endocrine gland have formed
    From weeks 5 onwards:
    1. Pituitary develops from neurohypophyseal bud and
    hypophyseal pouch
    2. Thyroid develops from floor (anterior side) of pharynx – 2nd pouch
    3. Parathyroid and thymus develop from 3rd and 4th
    pharyngeal pouches
    4. Pancreas develops from the foregut
    5. Adrenals develops from intermediate mesoderm and
    neural crest
    All glands develop into their little serousal pouches. Then they can form properly. When they form, they start to make their endocrine homrones (even in a fetus)
29
Q

Thyroid gland (name the 6 thyroid hormones)

A

6 main hormones:

  • T4 = thyroxine
  • T3 = tri-iodothyronine
  • TPO = thyroperoxidase
  • TG = Thyroglobulin
  • TSI = Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
  • TSH = thyrotrophin
  • Follicle structure: follicle structure produces hormones that are stored in the colloid. T3 and T4 are stored here.
30
Q

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
What diseases are the antibodies present?
Explain what is happening in H____________
Explain what is happening in G____________

A

Hyperthyroidism - high T3 or T4
Hypothyroidsim - Low T3 or T4
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Grave’s

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis:

  • Anti-TPO antibdoies attack and destroy TPO.
  • TPO is involved in the production of T3 and T4, so will have low levels of T3 and T4 in the blood

Grave’s disease:

  • TSI antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor.
  • TSH role is to make T3 and T4, so will get higher levels of these hormones.
  • Get low levels of TSH due to negative feedback mechanism, as TSH levels were originally higher due to TSI, they have been lowered by negative feedback.
31
Q

Parafollicular cells (C-cells)

A

Neuroendocrine cells that migrate into the thyroid during thyroid development in the embryo
• Produce the peptide hormone thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin)
• Independent of thyroid hormone synthesis
• Role to monitor plasma calcium concentrations and decreases the levels (counteracts the function of PTH)
• Major effect: inhibits osteoclast activity in bone
• Minor effect: inhibits renal calcium and phosphate re-absorption in tubular cells; more calcium and
phosphate excreted

32
Q

Parathyroid gland (Function and why this function is important)

A

Function:
1. Constantly monitor plasma calcium concentrations
2. Plasma calcium is low, then parathyroid glands make parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
3. PTH causes the bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more
from the GI tract
4. Classical negative feedback loop (blood calcium reaches set point;
parathyroid glands STOP making PTH)

Why this is important:

  • Calcium is the most important element for the nervous system, the muscular system, and the skeletal system.
  • Calcium provides the electrical system for our nerves, and muscles, allowing the nerves to conduct electricity and the muscles to contract
  • This is why parathyroid disease (over-production of PTH from a parathyroid tumour leading to high blood calcium) causes symptoms in the brain (confusion or seizures), muscles (seizures and rigor), and bones (deformed bones)
33
Q

Adrenal gland - what type of cell?

A

Mixed endocrine and neuroendocrine tissue

34
Q

Adrenal medulla (role)

A

The medulla, is composed of a parenchyma of large,
pale-staining epithelioid cells called chromaffin cells (chromaffin cells are not epithelial cells because they don’t have a basment membrane).
The chromaffin cells are, in effect, modified neurons
• Numerous myelinated, pre-synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres pass directly to the chromaffin cells
• When nerve impulses reach the catecholamine-secreting
chromaffin cells, they release their secretory products
adrenaline and noradrenaline
• Therefore, chromaffin cells are considered the
equivalent of post-synaptic neurons

35
Q

Kidney layers (name)

A 
Capsule  [cortex]
Zona glomeruls  [cortex]
Zona fasciculata  [cortex]
Zona reticularis  [cortex]
Adrenal medulla  [medulla]
36
Q

Kidney layers (role of each layer)

A

– Outer – Zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone regulates BP
– Middle – Zona fasciculata
Glucocorticoids (cortisone/cortisol)
mobilises fats, proteins and carbohydrates (but not during fasting/starvation)
– Inner – Zona reticularis
Androgen precursors i.e. androstenedione, DHEA, etc.

37
Q

Stress response definition

A

a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis
or
Maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of aversive stimuli (stressors) [that] requires
activation of a complex range of responses involving the endocrine, nervous and immune
systems, … [is] collectively known as the stress response”

38
Q

What behavioral and physiological changes occur in a stress response?

A 
Behavioural changes: 
• increased awareness
• improved cognition
• euphoria
• enhanced analgesia
Physiological adaptions: 
• Increased cardiovascular tone
• Increased respiratory rate
• Increased intermediate metabolism
These changes should help you cope with threat
39
Q

What hormones are involved in the fight or flight response?

A

Adrenal CORTICAL hormones - glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

40
Q

Summary of what a fright or flight response is

A
  • increase blood pressure
  • increase glucose in blood stream
  • shutting down ‘non-emergency services’
41
Q

How is fight or flight controlled?

A

(MUST LOOK AT NOTES TO SEE DIAGRAM)
The principal effectors CRH of the stress response are localised in the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland.
Hypothalamus releases the threat -> releases CRH -> CRH passed down the portal system to the corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary release their ACTH -> ACTH bind to receptors in the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortex -> stimulates the release of these stress hormones
- Has an effect on the spinal cord, sneds an impulse to adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells release adrenaline and noradrenaline (SEE DIAGRAM) directly into the blood stream (this is an example of neurocrine secretion)

42
Q

Summarise the adrenal gland response to stress

A

Diagram in notes - MUST LOOK AT

43
Q

Pancreas - describe the type of gland (and ducts)

A

MUST LOOK AT PANCREAS DIAGRAM
• Acinar glands
• Grouped into lobules
• Contain numerous zymogen granules (secrete their products into the ducts, that eventually get out via the common bile duct).
•Connect through numerous intercalated ducts to
pancreatic duct
• Which joins with bile duct to make common bile duct
(the common bile duct is the duct that the pancreas and gallbladder release their contents through into the dueodenum)

44
Q

Which two types of glands are in the pancreas? What are the alpha and beta cells?

A
  • Exocrine cells (acinar cells)

- Endocrine cells (alpha and beta cells in the endocrine gland component)

45
Q

All the pancreases exocrine functions (acini)

A 
Exocrine function - acini 
Produces:
• Trypsinogen (converted to trypsin)
• Chymotrypsinogen (converted to chymotrypsin)
• Lipase
• Amylase
• Ribonuclease
• Deoxyribonuclease
• Gelatinase
• Elastase
46
Q

All the pancreases endocrine functions (islet of Langerhans)

A

α cell – Glucagon (catabolises glycogen to glucose)
β cell - Insulin (uptake and storage of glucose)
δ cell – Somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion)
PP cell - Pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits bile, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion)
D-1 cell – Vasoactive intestinal peptide (similar to glucagon, stimulates enzymatic secretion and gut motility)
EC cell – Secretin (stimulates bicarbonate production), motilin (increases gastric and intestinal motility), substance P (analgesia, i.e. pain relief)
Ε cell – Ghrelin (increases feeding behaviour) (E cell is the enterochromaffin cell)
G cells – Gastrin (stimulates HCl production by the stomach)

_Sem 1. BL NOTES (21 decks)

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