Bk 1 Ch 2 intro cell diversity Flashcards
Morphology
The form or structure of an organism or a cell.
Colony
Group of individual organisms linked together either by living extensions of their bodies (e.g. cytoplasmic strands) or by nonliving material that they have excreted.
Cell morphology
Structure or form of cells – important role in cell function.
Differentiation
Process by which cells become specialised
Resolution
The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished by a particular type of microscopy.
Ultrastructure
Fine structure of a cell that can only be seen using an electron microscope.
Histochemistry
The technique by which chemical staining is used to identify different elements within tissues. There are many different histochemical stains.
Immunohistochemistry
technique that uses antibodies to attach to, and hence locate, specific molecules in tissues. The bound antibodies are detected by direct or indirect conjugation to an enzyme that produces a colour reaction or to a fluorescent molecule (also see immunocytochemistry)
Immunocytochemistry
A technique that uses antibodies to attach to, and hence locate, specific molecules in cell preparations (e.g. cell cultures). The bound antibodies are detected by direct or indirect conjugation to an enzyme that produces a colour reaction or to a fluorescent molecule (also see immunohistochemistry).
Antigen
Any molecule (or part of a molecule) that can generate an immune response. Antigens may or may not be on the surface of cells.
Substrate
The chemical upon which an enzyme acts is known as the substrate. The substrate binds to a binding site on the enzyme and is chemically transformed to form a product or products.
Antibodies
Y shaped proteins produced by immune system of vertebrates in response to invasion by foreign material eg bacteria or viruses. They recognise and bind specifically to one particular molecule or part of a molecule (antigen)
Flourophore
Chemical emits fluorescent light of particular colour when illuminated with light specific wavelengths. Viewed using a specialised fluorescence microscope. Used to label a secondary antibody that recognises the primary Antibody bound to the antigen
Confocal microscope
Allows image of fluorescent labelling to be captured at different levels within a sample. Allows very detailed analysis and even three-dimensional reconstruction by computer of labelled cells and then tissues
Primary cells
Cultured cells derived from a fresh tissue sample. They are only able to divide a certain number of times in culture.
Cell lines
A source of so called ‘immortal’ cells consisting of homogenous populations of cells typically derived from tumours with the ability to continue to divide indefinitely.
Pili
(Sing. pilus) Short, thin, hair-like appendages on the surface of many bacteria. Pili are made of protein and are prinicipally involved in adhesion to other cells or surfaces. Sex pili are involved in the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation.
Endocytosis
The general term applied to the uptake of materials into cells, by invagination of and engulfment by the cell membrane. When solid particles are taken up the process is called phagocytosis.
Pseudopodia
Extended lobe of cytoplasm from a flexible cell surface. Enables endocytosis and form of movement known as amoeboid movement on a solid surface.
Unicellular
An organism consisting of a single cell
Multicellular
An organism that consists of many cells which may be of several types, specialised to perform different functions.
Cell wall
Rigid structure secreted outside the cell membrane has encloses and protects the cell; found in most algae bacteria and all plants and fungi never in animals
Cell membrane
The outer membrane of cells, compose largely of phospholipids, often called the plasma membrane in animals and the plasmalemma in plants
Ground tissue
One of three main tissue types in flowering plants. It provides packing and support, and also energy storage, and includes the majority of photosynthetic cells (palisade cells), which are located in the interior of leaves.
Vascular tissue
One of the three main tissue types in flowering plants comprising xylem, which transports water and dissolved ions from the roots to the rest of the plant and phloem, which transports the products of photosynthesis around the plant.
Dermal tissue
One of the three main tissue types in flowering plants. It is the outer cell layer and provides protection, and controls uptake of water, nutrients and gases, in different parts of the plant.
Neurodegerative
Inherited diseases-neurons degenerate in brain, >significant loss of muscle coordination and cognitive function eg Huntington’s disease and Parkinson‘s disease.
Epithelial cells
Epidermis, lining of intestine (polarised -apical surface in contact w food. Basolateral surface in contact w other cells) blood vessels, lungs, cells of glands(eg mammary, saliva.
Protection, barrier, absorption, secretion.
Form sheets closely linked, polarised cells.
Endocrine cells (hormone producing)
Pancreas, adrenal gland.
Widespread communication.
Produce and secrete chemical messengers into circulation.
Muscle cells - smooth-muscle of internal organs
Intestines and blood vessels.
Involuntary control
Movement e.g. peristalsis.
Contains contractile proteins, linked together by gap functions
Muscle cells skeletal muscle of limbs known as striatal muscle (stripes appearance)
Voluntary/conscious control.
Movement of limbs.
Contains contractile proteins, form a Syncytium of long multinucleate fibre like cells
Muscle cells, cardiac muscle
Contraction of heart.
Contains contractile proteins
Nerve cells (neurons)
Neurons of brain and spinal-cord,
small groups of neurons (ganglia) in body.
Rapid and specific communication.
Polarised cells with long processes, having special membrane properties that allow electrical signalling
Supports cells (often classified as connective tissue cells)
Bone cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts), cartilage, fibroblasts.
Provide support and help to organise tissue structure.
Fibroblasts produce much of the extracellular material - made of collagen, elastin.
Adipocytes (often classified as connective tissue cells)
Adipose tissue around certain organs and underskin.
Energy storage, protection.
Have cytoplasm mostly composed of lipid
Blood cells
Red blood cells (RBCs).
Oxygen transport.
RBCs contain haemoglobin which binds oxygen, Mammalian RBCs lose their nucleus when mature.
Immune system cells
Leukocytes (several types). Lobed nuclei are neutrophils. Round nucleus is lymphocyte.
Defence.
B lymphocytes and plasma cells produce antibodies, macrophages ingest pathogens, etc.
Germ cells
Eggs, sperm.
Reproduction.
Haploid (contain half the normal number of chromosomes)
Polarised cell
Cell with different properties on 1 side than on the other
Give examples of shapes exhibited by different bacterial species, and name one species of bacteria has exhibit each shape.
Round – e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Thiomargarita namibiensis.
Rod shaped – E.g. Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Thread like (filamentous), Spiral or corkscrew – shaped – e.g. Spirillum volutans and spirillum minus.
Crescent – shaped - eg Caulobacter crescetus
Name to specialise structures that extend from the cell membrane of some bacterial species
Flagellum (pl. flagella)
Pilus (pl. pili)
State principal functions of Pilus and flagellum
Flagellum – so motility
Pilus – Adhesion to other cells or surfaces
Sex pili are involved in bacterial mating (conjugation)
Name the three main types of tissue in flowering plants and their functions
Ground tissue - packing and support. Energy storage. Photosynthesis.
Vascular tissue - transport of water and nutrients
Dermal tissue. - protection. Control uptake of water nutrients and gases.
For each type of plant tissue give examples of component tissue and cell type and function
Ground tissue – palisade cells (photosynthesis). Parenchyma cells (package and support.
Vascular tissue – xylem (water and ion transport). Phloem(transport of photosynthetic products).
Dermal tissue – epidermal cells form a barrier and control passage of water, nutrients and gases, including specialised guard cells which open and close the stomata.
What are the functions of specialised vertebrate intestinal cells?
Smooth-muscle – contraction (peristalsis)
Fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) – support
Epithelial cells – absorption and secretion
Neurons – communication
Immune system cells – defence.
Which sole type would be expected in abundance in the kidney, an organ in which excreted fluid flows passively through tubules that are specialised to reabsorbed useful molecules from the urine.?
Epithelial cells
The pancreas is a gland that specialised to secrete peptide hormones (e.g. insulin), and also suggestive hormones (e.g. trypsin). What technique would be used to determine whether these two different secretory molecules are stored in the same or different cells of this organ?
Double immuno labelling of tissue sections (immunohistochemistry).
The pancreas is a gland that are specialised to secrete peptide hormones (e.g. insulin), and also suggested enzymes (e.g. trypsin) what main reagents would be needed to perform double immunolabelling of tissue sections
- Specific antisera that recognise each of the two molecules (one that recognises insulin and the second that recognises trypsin).
- Two secondary antisera coupled to 2 different fluorescent markers (or enzymes that produce different coloured reaction products).
Cells that contain both molecules will be double labelled, while those that contain only one of the two molecules will display a single fluorescence or colour reaction note that this technique does not prove these molecules are synthesise in the cells. In order to demonstrate synthesis of a molecule unambiguously it would be necessary to examine the mRNA content of the cells
You’ve been provided with a light microscope and a microscopic slide on which cells been smeared. What features would identify or measure to determine whether the cells are eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
- Cell size: most part of prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells measuring 1 to 5 micro metres in diameter compared with the eukaryotic cell diameter of 10 to 100 micro metres. The sub cellular features of prokaryotic cells are therefore difficult to discern by light microscopy (LM).
- Presence of nuclei: the nuclei of the eukaryotic cells are visible by LM.
What is the result of Glycosylation of a protein
Glycoprotein
