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BIS2B > BIS2B Midterm 2 > Flashcards

BIS2B Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blended inheritance

A

hereditary determinants in the egg and sperm are irreversibly blended (e.g. red + white flowers= pink flowers)

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2
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

hereditary determinants in the egg and sperm are passed to its offspring through genes, which keep their ability to be expressed while not always being physically seen in a descending generation

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3
Q

Segregation (Mendel’s 1st law)

A

When an individual produces gametes, the two copies of its gene segregate, so that each gamete receives only one copy (one maternal haploid + one paternal haploid= one offspring diploid)

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4
Q

Alleles

A

different variations of a gene (e.g. R, r)

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5
Q

Genotype

A

diploid individual’s combination of alleles (RR, rr, Rr)

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

similar combination of alleles (RR, rr)

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7
Q

Heterozygous

A

different combination of alleles (Rr)

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

trait expressed by organism (PHenotype= PHysical appearance)

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9
Q

Dominant

A

phenotype expressed in heterozygotes

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10
Q

Recessive

A

phenotype expressed in homozygotes only

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11
Q

Incompletely dominant

A

intermediate heterozygote phenotype (white+red=pink)

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12
Q

Codominant

A

both allele phenotypes are expressed in heterozygotes

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13
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

test cross done when different loci assort independently

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14
Q

Test cross

A

done in order to determinate genotype(whether heterozygous or homozygous) when a dominant phenotype appears

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15
Q

Independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation

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16
Q

Additive effect

A

phenotypic effects at one locus are independent of genotype at the other locus

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17
Q

Locus

A

the physical location of a gene in the chromosome

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18
Q

Polygenic traits

A

traits that are controlled by many genes of small effect

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19
Q

Pleiotropy

A

allelic variation at one locus affects multiple traits

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20
Q

Antagonistic pleiotropy

A

occurs when a single allele has both positive and negative effects

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21
Q

Epistasis

A

phenotypic effect of allele at one locus depends upon genotype of allele at another locus

22
Q

Genotype x environmental interaction

A

phenotypic effect of allele or genotype depends on environment (temperature dependent allele, mutations depending on dietary factors)

23
Q

Genotype frequency

A

proportion of individuals with a genotype in a population

24
Q

Allele frequency

A

proportion of an allele across all individuals in the population or in the gametes produced by those individuals

25
Q

Gene pool

A

all of the alleles present in members of the population

26
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium assumptions

A
  1. No new mutations
  2. Large population
  3. No genetic flow (no migration)
  4. No natural selection
  5. Random mating
27
Q

Genetic drift

A

random changes in allelic frequencies due to sampling error from generation to generation (sampling error much more significant in smaller populations)

28
Q

Bottleneck

A

occurs when population size is reduced for at least one generation (e.g. hunting)

29
Q

Founder effects

A

occurs when a new colony is started by a few members from the original population (e.g. Dutch settlers in South Africa- Huntington’s disease)

30
Q

Non-random mating

A

occurs when individuals choose mates w particular phenotypes or genotypes

31
Q

Assortative mating

A

mating b/n similar genotypes

32
Q

Disassortative mating

A

mating b/n dissimilar individuals

33
Q

Outbreeding

A

avoidance of mating b/n relatives

34
Q

Interbreeding

A

mating b/n relatives

35
Q

Gene flow

A

migration of individuals and/or gametes from one population to another resulting in transfer of their alleles b/n populations

36
Q

Disease resistance (heterozygote advantage)

A

disease resistance alleles may confer resistance vs. different pathogens

37
Q

Antagonistic pleiotropy (heterozygote advantage)

A

heterozygote balances costs and benefits of each allele

38
Q

Metabolic pathways (heterozygote advantafe)

A

heterozygotes may have broader environmental tolerance than “specialist” homozygotes

39
Q

Interspecific competition

A

competition between members of two or more different species

40
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of the same species

41
Q

Competition

A

both species harmed by the interaction (in interspecific interactions)

42
Q

Ammensalism

A

one species harmed, one species unaffected

43
Q

Antagonistic interactions

A

one species benefits and the other is harmed

44
Q

Competition

A

occurs when individuals harm one another; leads to decreased growth, survival, or reproduction; results in lower population growth rates

45
Q

R* rule

A

for two species competing for a single-limiting resource, the species that can suppress the resource to the lower equilibrium value (R*) will competitively exclude the other species

46
Q

Exploitative mechanism

A

when one individual uses a resource, one cannot; not encounter each other

47
Q

Interference mechanism

A

competitors confront each other and harass, chase, or prohibit others from using resources

48
Q

Niche utilization curve

A

frequency at which a species uses a range of resource types; performance of a species for a range of environmental conditions (e.g. reproduction)

49
Q

Niche overlap

A

corresponds to the region of overlap b/n resource use curves for two competing species (shaded region b/n curves)

50
Q

Character displacement

A

difference b/n similar species are greater in places where they co-occur and minimal in places where their distributions do not overlap

BIS2B (2 decks)

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