Births And Fertility

Question 1

Recognised reasons for declining birth rates

Answer 1

• Feminism and new priorities of women to gain status.
• Children are no longer an economic investment, they’re excluded from the workplace and therefore having children can be an economic liability
• Lower infant mortality, means
• people are having less children and investing more into those fewer. There’s far more security they won’t die and that child is more likely to succeed in the world if support for them is undistorted by siblings.
• Contreceptives becoming more available

Question 2

Recognised reasons for climbs in the birth rate.

Answer 2

• economic stability, the 1960s and 1990s had general rises of opportunity, living standards and lowering of economic burdens in capitalist countries compared to other decades.
• War Time, hardship. This can translate to ways, either because couples are reunited after spending time apart or because, in the case of lockdown, they’re in close proximity for longer.

Question 3

What are recognised changes because of change in fertility?

Answer 3

• Women may work now to support a family financially. Both partners may have to work.
• The financial stability can increase the size of a family.
• The dependency ratio: Children make up a large percentage of it, this ties both to the choice to have children and because a smaller working population in the long term can create a greater dependency ratio.
• public services are strained
  . Schools
  . Medicine
  . Welfare
  . Citizens advice
  . Social services
• The maternity/paternity leave payments
• Aging population, for instance in Japan so few (comparatively) young people are having children, the government has set up its own dating programs.

Question 4

Harper says what about the Birth rate?

Answer 4

It’s women striving for careers and or education that means they have babies older or not at all.

Question 5

In 2019…

Answer 5

1/5 women over 45 were childless.

Question 6

In 1900, __% of babies…

Answer 6

15% died within their first year.

Question 7

What sort of things have likely decreased infant mortality

Answer 7

• Greater awareness of hygiene in medical settings, and thus inspections
• irradiation of treatment of diseases such as small pox, chicken pox and measles
• Better diets
• Awareness of the damage of smoking, drugs and alcohol.
• Better sanitation infrastructure, dirty water in parts of Africa for instance is an enormous problem, and leads to many infant deaths.