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Cultural Anthropology > birth and death > Flashcards

birth and death Flashcards

1
Q

reproduction

A

modes of production, culture shapes fertility, culture shapes mortality

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2
Q

demography

A

study of population dynamics and his culture is dynamically shaped. ex. mortality, migration, fertility

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3
Q

direct and indirect means of fertility regulation

A

(foragers). balanced level of population

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4
Q

sedenterization

A

increase in food surpluses, more available means of storing more stable, large populations. Culminate in human history as agriculturalists

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5
Q

foragers

A

fertility control, heavy work loads, seasonality of diets- reproductive stress, longer breast-feeding, lower level of maternity fat.

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6
Q

agricultural societies

A

large families=large labour force. protonatism-key value. produces and supports larger families. rational reproductive strategy. settles agriculturalists promote and support highest fertility rates.

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7
Q

industrial societies

A

reproduction declines to level of replacement fertility. Below level. deaths outnumber births, highly stratified different fertility rates among classes, aging populations. Society does not reproduce itself. Scientific technology in pregnancy. Low fertility and low mortality- demographic transition

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8
Q

first variable in affecting desire for children

A

children labour value (positive)

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9
Q

2nd variable

A

children value as old age (positive)

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10
Q

3rd variable

A

infant and child mortality rates (positive)

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11
Q

4th variable

A

economic costs of children (negative)

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12
Q

modernization of mortality

A

deep division between mortality patterns between the rich and poor. high death rates, infant deaths

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13
Q

infanticide

A

deliberate killing of an offspring (due to child deformity, sickness, child fails to meet parental expectation, poverty)

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14
Q

ethnocide

A

destruction of culture but not necessarily people

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15
Q

genocide

A

physical extermination of a cultural group

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16
Q

fertility modes of production

A

foraging, agriculture, horticulture

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17
Q

demography fertility

A

rates of births in a population, rate of population increase in general

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18
Q

demography mortality

A

deaths in population, rate of population decline in general or from particular causes

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19
Q

demography mortality

A

movement of people from one place to another

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20
Q

Hindus

A

think that semen means strength, men weakened by sex

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21
Q

Chinese

A

believe in families only having one kid to decrease population rate

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22
Q

mennonites and hutterites in US and Canada

A

highest birth rates

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23
Q

population dynamics

A

culturally shaped, change in response to changing conditions. other aspects like gender roles, social inequality,sexual beliefs, behaviours, marriages, household structure, child care, health and illness

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24
Q

cultural anthropologists

A

look at what goes on behind the numbers, get a better insight and closer look

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25
Q

culture and reproduction

A

promote and limit reproduction growth.

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26
Q

construction modes of reproduction

A

predominant patterns of fertility in a culture

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27
Q

foraging

A

low population growth because of moderate birth rates and moderate death rates.

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28
Q

Sedenterization (permanent settlement)

A

birth rates increased over death rates, high population densities reached in agricultural societies

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29
Q

Industrialized model of reproduction

A

population growth rate decline because of falling birth rates and declining death rates

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30
Q

reproduction-foraging society

A

small number of children to facilitate movement. difficult to carry more than one infant.

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31
Q

ju/wasi

A

population homeostasis is achieved, birth intervals several years in duration due to frequent and long breast feeding and low body fat, a certain level of body fat is due for ovulation. diet and work key factors underlying ju/wasi population dynamics. having 2-3 children, 2 surviving into adulthood. giving up foraging becoming sedentarized farmers and labourers= fertility level increase

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32
Q

reproduction- agricultural society

A

highest fertility rates. having many children= rational reproductive strategy related to model of production, family planning=many children. amish/mennonites/hutterites- 8-10 children surviving into adulthood

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33
Q

protonatalism

A

ideology promoting birthing of many children, emerges as key value of farm families. need for large labour force to work the land, care for animals, process foods, marketing.

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34
Q

global variation in fertility in farming

A

exists because of decline due to reduced demands for family labour

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35
Q

income agriculture countries of africa

A

high rates of several children

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36
Q

south america

A

lowest rates of children per woman

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37
Q

reproduction in countries

A

significant variation in different regions between rural and urban areas and different ethical and class groups. ex. kilimanjaro- fertility lower than whole country, region has active family planning program. women who are better off have lower fertility= importance in womens status in shaping fertility.

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38
Q

north india

A

sons are important, crucial to work. large family= wealth an success.

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39
Q

reproduction- industrial society

A

reproduction declines to replacement level fertility. population changes. Too focused on role of industrials and not alternative models. Industrialism is only factor that produces protonatalism

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40
Q

replacement level fertility

A

number of births equals number of deaths=maintenance of current population size

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41
Q

Below level fertility

A

number of births less than number of deaths=population decline ex. canada, european countries

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42
Q

children

A

less useful in production due to reduced labour demands of industrialism. children required to attend school, cannot work for families as much= fewer children, investing in more resources

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43
Q

demographic transition

A

process of change from high fertility and high mortality in agricultural societies to low fertility and low mortality in industrialized societies.

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44
Q

1st phase of demographic transition

A

mortality decline cause of improved nutrition and health, population growth increases

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45
Q

2nd phase of demographic transition

A

fertility decline. low rate of population growth occurs

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46
Q

reproduction- industrial- social inequality

A

reflected in population patters, stratified reproduction. middle and upper class- few children and high survival rates. Poor- fertility and mortality rates are high, ex. brazil (most extreme income inequality)

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47
Q

population aging

A

entering senior category, creating population budge not balanced by number of younger people

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48
Q

high level of involvement of scientific (medical) technology in pregnancy

A

prevention, termination, becoming pregnant. increased levels of specialization in providing new services

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49
Q

culture and fertility

A

culture shapes human reproduction from very beginning, sexual intercourse and other fertilization of an ovum. cultural practices and beliefs about pregnant and birth affect viability of fetus during gestation and fate after birth

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50
Q

sexual intercourse

A

difficult to undertake, private, secret beliefs and behaviours. Biases are likely, too shy, boastful unable to answer, might be inappropriate for anthropologists to publish it to protect confidentiality. mostly study practices of sexuality related to STD, AIDS/HIV

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51
Q

ethics of participant observation

A

disallow intimidate observation and participation. Data obtained indirectly.

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52
Q

Beginning to have sexual intercourse

A

human reproduction= fertile male and fertile female

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53
Q

menarche

A

when female is fertile. onset of first menstruation (12-14).girls in rich countries reach it first. diet-activity patterns are factors of age difference. Todays diets and lifestyles= progress, early age at menarche is indicator of social well-being

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54
Q

menopause

A

when female is fertile. final cessation of menstruation (40-50). later ages in richer countries. Diet and activity level are factors. Lifetime fertility- Women with more children reach it before women with less children

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55
Q

children- sexual intercourse

A

socialize children about time to begin sexual intercourse. Differs by gender, class, race, ethnicity. Many cultures- being only wit marriage, more strict with females

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56
Q

intercourse frequency and fertility

A

wide range, confirming role of culture in shaping sexual desire

57
Q

common assumption of fertility and sex

A

people and cultures with high fertility rates have a lot of sex, without birth control, condoms, etc. WRONG.

58
Q

HINDUS

A

have sex less frequently and have highest fertility rates

59
Q

indian culture- sex

A

sexual abstinence, limiting sex, abstain from sex on sacred days. one act of sex at the right time of the month= pregnancy

60
Q

reverse reasoning

A

assuming high fertility= a lot of sex is wrong. india- restraining from sexual activities- fertility lower than it would be.

61
Q

fertility decision making

A

family level: decision-makers weigh factors influencing why and when to have kids
national level: governments plan overall population objective on basis of particular goals that are protonatalist (favouring many births) and antinatalist (opposed to many births)
global level: powerful economic and political interests are at work influencing reproductive policies of an individual nations, families and individuals within them

62
Q

Family level

A

Family parents and other family members consider consciously and unconsciously the value costs of children. 4 factors on affecting desire for children: childrens labour value, children value- old age support for parents, infant and child mortality rates, economic costs of children. the first three are positive on fertility and the last one is negative because it reduces desire for children.

63
Q

industrialism

A

raises child costs, lowers value dramatically, avoiding using child labour

64
Q

gender division of labour and other social features related to gender

A

sons and daughters may be more relatively valued. son preference more widespread in Asia, middle east, not universal. Southeast asia- balances sex ration. Venezuela, Sahara- daughter preference

65
Q

sex-selective infanticide

A

killing of an infant/child because of its sex

66
Q

material power

A

age difference at time of marriage

67
Q

low husband power

A

wife older than husband 5%, 53% of first bon kept were boys

68
Q

intermediate husband power

A

ages of husband and wife are about equal, 60%, 34% of first born kept were boys

69
Q

high husband power

A

husband older than wife, 35%, 84% of first born kept were boys

70
Q

national level

A

national governments decreasing and increasing rates of population growth within boundaries. governments: providing employment, public services, tax base ranks of military, maintaining ethic and regional proportions, dealing with population aging.

71
Q

global level

A

far reasoning layer affecting decision-making about fertility at international level. Wold bank, pharmaceutical companies, religious leaders influence national and individual priorities about fertility. Population policies of governments of donor countries affect welfare of people in developing countries

72
Q

fertility control

A

increase it, reduce it, regulate chid spacing

73
Q

direct

A

herbs and medicine inducing abortion

74
Q

indirect

A

long periods of breastfeeding- reduced chances of conception

75
Q

family planning

A

induced abortion- long standing, New reproductive technologies

76
Q

induced abortion

A

prevent fetal development and lead to abortion. cultural universal. practised in practically all societies. Women herself of help from another woman (mid-wife). hitting abdomen, starving, drugs, jumping, lifting, hard work, poverty. Economic and social factors explain induced abortion, culturally defined legitimacy, social penalties for bearing illegitimate child.

77
Q

attitudes

A

acceptability to conditional approval to tolerance to opposition and punishment

78
Q

Governments interfering to regulate access to abortion

A

promoting or forbidding it

79
Q

religion and abortion

A

related, no simple relationship between teaching and doing

80
Q

illegal abortions

A

negative effects on womens health

81
Q

ahimsa

A

nonviolence toward other living beings, including fetus where the mothers can feel the movements. controversial- hindus abort females

82
Q

japan

A

abortion is the most common use of birth control

83
Q

New reproductive technologies

A

important contemporary issue worldwide. Choice of abortion to having children, decide to abort fetus on gender, disability, characteristics.

84
Q

Genetic information on fetus

A

Continue or stop the pregnancy

85
Q

amniocentesis

A

legal test used to reveal certain genetic problems in fetus . overpowering. anthropologists question social justice and ethical issues

86
Q

IVF

A

bypass infertility in woman or couple, promote fertility, reproduction gone awry, non-natural, ones failure, natural inadequacy

87
Q

Culture and death

A

cultural anthropology studied fertility more than mortality (more difficult to research in fieldwork). research emphasis between fertility and mortality is greater availability of funding for fertility studies given worldwide concern with population growth and family planning

88
Q

cultural factors

A

certain people are more at risk of dying from certain cause at particular age than others ex. car accident

89
Q

proximate cause of death

A

closest to actual outcome

90
Q

levels of causality in population studies

A

proximate, intermediate and ultimate

91
Q

question of ultimate causation

A

entails analysis of deeper economic, political, social factors putting individuals at risk of dying

92
Q

infanticide

A

widely practiced, rarely frequent or common.

93
Q

direct infanticide

A

frequent reason. killing an infant or child from beating, smothering, drowning, poisoning, usually do do the child being deformed, ill, the sex, adulterous conception, too many children, twins, unwed mother, poverty

94
Q

indirect infanticide

A

more subtle, killing of an infant or child with prolonged practices like food deprivation, not bringing them to the clinic, no warm clothing during cold weather

95
Q

mothers convicted of killing offsprings

A

usually young, unmarried, lacked financial family resources to help them out.

96
Q

family resources constraints, child fitness

A

parent expectation for kids, not meeting these expectations can lead to disappointment, detachment equaling neglect, direct infanticide

97
Q

modernization of mortality

A

deep division between mortality patterns of rich and poor

98
Q

infant mortality rate

A

deaths of children under age of one year per 1000 births. declined substantially, unevenly distributed

99
Q

high infant death rates

A

concentrated among poorest classes of society

100
Q

poverty

A

forces mothers to selectively and unconsciously neglect babies weak or sick sending them to heaven rather than keeping them alive with inadequate resources available

101
Q

religious beliefs

A

provide ideological support for practice of indirect infanticide allowing to believe babies are safe in heaven

102
Q

infants sex- infanticide

A

females, nonfood producers, intergroup warfare, health care, contemporary times, gender division labour, marriage practices and costs

103
Q

suicide

A

varies from positive to negative act, can be a crime and sin in some contexts and positive in others, prevalent in industrialized societies. widening gap between aspirations limited was of achieving aspirations due to economic constraints

104
Q

catholism- suicide

A

sin, lower rates

105
Q

protestant- suicide

A

higher rates

106
Q

buddhist- suicide

A

non punishable crime, political statement

107
Q

japan, asia, south pacific- suicide

A

noble and honourable act, strong commitment to group goals, failure to meet goals= saving face

108
Q

suicide terrorism

A

prominent in use since 9/11. suicide of one or more people with intention of killing other people at the same time

109
Q

martydrom

A

person facing and accepting death for sacred cause. linked with killing others

110
Q

sati

A

suicide of wife upon death of husband (india past and present) personal and group honour

111
Q

direct coercion

A

drugged, forced

112
Q

indirect coercion

A

to blame, not even devotion, prat, fast, ate too much

113
Q

four aspects of colonial stress related to high suicide rates

A

stress of identity and self- identification
stress of isolation
stress of changing intergenerational relations

114
Q

inuusittaqarniq

A

young men affected, intergenerational expectations, inability to fulfill them

115
Q

sex ratio

A

number of males per 100 females in population

116
Q

dowry

A

transfer of cash and goods from brides family to newly married couple and to grooms family

117
Q

groomprice

A

transfer of cash an goods, large amount, from brides family to the grooms family

118
Q

brideprice/brideworth

A

transfer of goods and cash from grooms fault to bride and brides family

119
Q

epidemics

A

disease spread rapidly and widely thought populations. affects population numbers and challenges peoples social and psychological coping mechanisms (HIV)

120
Q

Violence

A

private interpersonal conflict or public arena, informal conflict between individual groups, gang fights, formal conflict- war

121
Q

direct violence

A

killing someone with a weapon

122
Q

indirect violence

A

government not providing food during a disaster

123
Q

culture and violence

A

culture shapes victim pattern of violent death

124
Q

private violence- wife killing

A

common, most of the world in varying degrees, more women killed by spouses than men. motivated by obsessive material interest in extracting wealth from wides family through continuing demanding gifts, no gifts= wife in danger

125
Q

anecdotal evidence

A

middle east, husband kills wife or daughter for impunity, form of honour

126
Q

femicide

A

killing or murder of someone based on the sole fact of being female

127
Q

lethal public violence

A

warfare, genocide

128
Q

mortality- horticultural societies

A

warfare= leading cause of male death, many groups are in conflict with each other

129
Q

mortality- industrialized societies

A

death rates of male actively involved in warfare are much smaller proportion of death rate, replaced by other causalities like automobile accidents or heart disease.

130
Q

public policies

A

instruments of indirect violence or structural violence leading to excess death

131
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

deaths of women relate to pregnancy and birth per 100 000 live births.

132
Q

reproduction- modes of production

A

culture shapes fertility, births in population, foraging, agricultural and industrialism- mored of mode or production

133
Q

family sedenterization

A

new reproduction, not constantly moving= more children, highest fertility rates, industrial economies have lowest fertility rates

134
Q

economic inequalities

A

linked to different patterns of fertility among different classed people

135
Q

culture and fertility

A

not purely natural, many techniques for increasing fertility and reducing and regulating

136
Q

non-industrial societies

A

knowledge, practice of fertility regulated largely, unspecialized and available to all. herbs. natural sources, inducing abortion

137
Q

industrial societies

A

substantial scientific and medical knowledge do not control reproduction knowledge and expertise

138
Q

mortality- culture

A

population growth and change affected through culture shaping of death. infanticide- due to fitness, gender, limited resources. high unbalanced sex ration, suicide,, epidemics, public and private violence. Culturally patterned. birth and death are cultural events

Cultural Anthropology (8 decks)

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