Birds of Prey

Question 1

Which bird of prey has a non-pneumatized femur?

Answer 1

Owls

Question 2

Which strigiformes have a calcificed tibiotarsal tendon

Answer 2

Not tytonidae (barn owls)

Question 3

Why should pigeons not be used as a food sources for birds of prey?

Answer 3

Trichomonas
Columbid herpesvirus

Question 4

What toe arrangement do birds of prey have?

Answer 4

Anisodactyl
Zygodactyl (owls)

Question 5

What is the notch in the upper beak of Falconiformes called?

Answer 5

Tomial Tooth

Question 6

During what period is imprinting most prevalent?

Answer 6

First 4 weeks of life

Question 7

When does casting behavior develop?

Answer 7

When pin feathers develop

Question 8

Study evaluating the digestive and feeding behaviors between two species of vultures

Answer 8

Lappet diet has less digestible energy –> need larger quantities
Griffons more efficiently digest protein/organic matter
Daneel A, Whitehouse-Tedd K, Whitehouse-Tedd G, Dierenfeld ES, Janssens GPJ. Digestive and Feeding Behavior Differences between Lappet-Faced Vultures (Torgos Tracheliotos) and Griffon Vultures (Gyps Fulvus) Ex Situ. J Zoo Wildl Med. Jan 2022;53(4):769-776.

Question 9

What nutrients are deficient in frozen fish?

Answer 9

Vitamin E
Thamine

Question 10

Study evaluating [vitamin E] when feeding pig carcasses to Cape Cultures

Answer 10

Low serum vitamin E levels without supplementation –> may be leading to mortalities from deficiencies vs low fertility rates
Naidoo V, Havenga LN, Wolter K. The Impact of Supplementary Feeding of Pig Carcasses on Plasma Vitamin E Concentrations in Captive Cape Vultures (Gyps Coprotheres). J Zoo Wildl Med. Mar 2024;55(1):219-223.

Question 11

Which family shows monogamy?

Answer 11

Strigidae

Question 12

Falconid Adenovirus-1 Diagnosis

Answer 12

Basophilic intranuclear inclusions of hepatocytes or macrophages in spleen

Question 13

Avipox Pathognomonic lesion

Answer 13

Bollinger bodies –> large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in superficial epidermis

Question 14

Newcastle Disease type of Virus

Answer 14

Paramyxovirus, RNA virus

Question 15

Which family is resistant to Newcastle disease?

Answer 15

Vultures (except bearded vultures)

Question 16

Most common species of Mycobacterium

Answer 16

avium, intracellulare complex, genavense

Question 17

Mycobacterium diagnosis

Answer 17

Acid fast of feces/bone marrow

Question 18

Chlamydophila Prevalence in raptors

Answer 18

Clinical disease uncommon, antibodies in free-ranging raptors

Question 19

Pasteurella multocida clinical signs in raptors

Answer 19

Septicemic disease with fibrinous polyserositis

Question 20

Mycoplasma prevalence in raptors

Answer 20

Uncommon - found in respiratory tract of healthy birds

Question 21

Which family is resistant to anthrax?

Answer 21

Cathartidae (Vultures)

Question 22

Study assessing falcons from UAE infected with C. psittaci

Answer 22

C. buteonis newly described Chlamydial species that is not detected on C psittaci specific PCR –> need to submit C buteonis PCR or chalmydia family qPCR

Stalder S, Marti H, Borel N, et al. Falcons From the United Arab Emirates Infected With Chlamydia psittaci/C abortus Intermediates Specified as Chlamydia buteonis by Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Avian Med Surg. Sep 2021;35(3):333-340.

Question 23

Study assessing Pathogenic Gammaproteobacteria Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica and Ignatzschineria species in Turkey Vulture

Answer 23

Two emerging pathogens in human medicine were detected in a turkey vulture cloacal swab –> arthropod vectored and associated with maggot infestation

Oakley BB, Melgarejo T, Bloom PH, Abedi N, Blumhagen E, Saggese MD. Emerging Pathogenic Gammaproteobacteria Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica and Ignatzschineria Species in a Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura). J Avian Med Surg. Sep 2021;35(3):280-289.

Question 24

Raptor species most sensitive to Aspergillus infection

Answer 24

Snowy owls, Northern species (Gyrfalcons)

Question 25

Which raptor species are most sensitive to Malaria infection?

Answer 25

Northern owl species (Snowy), Gyrfalcons

Question 25

Enterocytozoon bieneusi Clinical signs

Answer 25

Fatal infection of falcons in Middle East

Question 26

What is the scientific name of raptor Malaria?

Answer 26

Plasmodium relictum

Question 27

Clinical signs in Sarcocystis infections in raptor species?

Answer 27

Asymptomatic Falcatua, jaypeedubeyi

Question 28

What is the importance of Cryptosporidium baileyi in raptor species?

Answer 28

Outbreak in Eurasian scops owl

Question 29

Clinical signs of Toxoplasma gondii in raptor species?

Answer 29

Resistant but can be intermediate hosts

Question 30

A case series characterizing mycotic keratitis in owls and a woodcock

Answer 30

In vivo confocal mucroscopi can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal keratitis --> immediate real time non-invasive quantification of corneal infiltration of fungal hyphae Lucyshyn DR, Childs-Sanford SE, Choi E, Ledbetter EC. In Vivo Confocal Microscopy for Characterization of Mycotic Keratitis in Owls (Bubo Scandiacus, Strix Varia) and a Woodcock (Scolopax Minor): Three Cases. J Zoo Wildl Med. Mar 2023;54(1):202-210.

Question 31

What is the scientific name of the "Scaly Mite?"

Answer 31

Knemidokoptes

Question 32

What is the scientific name of the "Red Mite?"

Answer 32

Dermanyssus gallinae

Question 33

What is the life cycle of Capillaria in raptors?

Answer 33

Earthworms are intermediate host and rodents are paratenic hosts

Question 34

What is the host of the endoparasite Syngamus trachea? What is the paratenic host?

Answer 34

Host: Falconiformes, Acciptriformes Paratenic: earthworms

Question 35

What is the life cycle of ascarids in raptors?

Answer 35

Direct life cycle

Question 36

What is the life cycle of tapeworms in raptors?

Answer 36

Indirect life cycle --> fish/rodents are intermediate hosts

Question 37

What are the raptor hosts of trematode flukes?

Answer 37

fish-eating birds (bald eagles, sea eagles

Question 38

What is the vector of Leukocytozoon?

Answer 38

Black flies

Question 39

What is the vector for Haemoproteus spp?

Answer 39

Biting midges (Culicoides spp)

Question 40

What is the vector for Plasmodium relictum?

Answer 40

Culicidae mosquitoes

Question 42

What is the vector for Babesia?

Answer 42

Ixodid ticks

Question 43

What cell type does Hepatozoon neophrontis affect?

Answer 43

Large monocytes

Question 44

Study discussion the prevalence and lesions of periorbital nematodes in barred owls

Answer 44

Highly prevalent (mostly Oxyspirura), more common in males, no impact on vision. Prevalence was 50%, mostly bilateral, occurred mainly in conjunctival folds Niedringhaus KD, Dumbacher JP, Dunker F, et al. Apparent Prevalence, Diversity, and Associated Lesions of Periorbital Nematodes in a Population of Barred Owls (Strix Varia) from Northern California, USA. J Wildl Dis. Apr 1 2023;59(2):299-309.

Question 45

Study of the effects of age and BCS on chewing lice in rough-legged hawks

Answer 45

Juvenile and female hawks had greater burden, due to increased foraging and less time preening. Sex biased transfer between adults and nestlings with females having a higher load Maron MW, Paprocki N, Owen JP, Conway CJ. Differential Effects of Chewing Lice on Body Condition across Host Age and Sex in Rough-legged Hawks (Buteo lagopus). J Wildl Dis. Oct 1 2024;60(4):991-995