Birds Flashcards
What are the defining characteristics of birds?
Acronym: FATHEAP
- Feathers
- Active metabolism
–Lack of TEETH; epidermal covered bony beak
–Homeothermy
–Laying of EGGS
–Adaptations for flight
–Pneumatic bones.
Describe how birds are physically adapted for flight.
Acronym: SELMEC
–streamlined –efficient metabolism –lightness –motor development of brain –eyesight (visual acuity) –centralization of weight
Describe purpose and structure of rachis.
The main shaft in the feather that supports the whole structure.
–While growing, the rachis has blood vessels carry nutrients (AKA blood feathers).
–When mature blood vessels die, rachis is sealed at the base, leaving a shaft hollow. This helps to make the feather very light
Describe purpose and structure of barbs
Barbs branch off the rachis.
Describe purpose and structure of barbules.
Barbules branch off the barbs
Describe purpose and structure of barbicels.
Barbicels branch off the barbules. - tiny –generally hook–shaped –interweave with each other –hold the vane of the feather together(velcro)"
Describe purpose and structure of contour feathers.
–most specialized of all feathers (flight feathers)
–form the outline of the body of a bird (streamlined look)
–all of the feathers of the outer body as well as those of the wings and tail.
Describe purpose and structure of semiplumes.
–In appearance, between contour and down feathers–combining a large rachis with downy vanes
–They fill in or smooth out the various contours of a bird’s body while insulating it
–provide flexibility at constricted areas, such as the base of the wings.
–are usually hidden beneath the contour feathers and are small and often white
Describe purpose and structure of down feathers.
Structure:
–each down feather has a quill and a soft head of fluffy barbs, but lack barbules
Purpose:
–underplumage of a bird –main function insulation against the cold weather.
–these feathers are especially numerous in ducks/water birds
–in some species of water birds down is use to line the nest and keep the eggs warm.
–chicks of some species are covered with down when they hatch.
Describe purpose and structure of powder down feathers.
–Insulation
–Grow continuously
–instead of being molted, their tips disintegrate into a powdery substance.
–the powder serves to soak up water, blood, and slime, thus protecting the feathers and making preening easier.
Describe purpose and structure of bristles.
“–not all species of birds have bristle feathers–bristles are specialized feathers – tactile function
–they have a stiff, tapered rachis and few, if any barbs that appear only at the base of the feather
–usually found: head or neck, mouth or eyelids
–in some insect eaters – around the mouth: possibly act as funnels, helping the birds to scoop insects out of the air
–long facial bristles in owls are thought to aid the bird in sensing nearby objects
–woodpeckers have bristle feathers over their nostrils, to filter out dust produced as they drill holes in trees”
Describe purpose and structure of filoplumes
–filoplumes are always situated beside other feathers
–simple, hair–like structures that grow in circles around the base of contour or down feathers
–origins of filoplumes is currently under debate.
–may assist in the nerve endings in the follicle, thus play a key role in keeping contours in place during preening, display, and flight.
Describe purpose and structure of primaries, secondaries, tertiaries.
“–Primary feather propel the bird through the air. They are the largest of the flight feathers and are the farthest away from the body. If damaged or lost, a bird cannot fly. PRIMARIES PROPEL
–Secondary feathers run along the arm of the wing and sustain the bird in the air, giving it lift. Perching birds have 9 or 10, others have 20. SECONDARIES SUSTAIN
–Tertiaries are the few flight feathers on upper wings. Numbers vary among species
Describe how wings are shaped for gliding, soaring, rapid takeoff, high speed.
–gliding: long narrow pointed wings
–soaring: long broad wings with large surface area
–rapid takeoff: short rounded wings
–high speed: small narrow, tapered wings
Describe the bill shapes used for eating insects, seeds, aquatic invertebrates, fish, filter feeding, skimming
–eating insects: woodpecker chisel–like bills, wrens thin probing bills
–eating seeds: crossbills crossed bills to extract from pinecones, hawfinches crack seeds open, macaws hooked bills for nuts
–aquatic life: herons spear fish,
-avocets sweep curved up bill for inverts
–filter feed: mallards filter, shovelers spatula shaped bill, flamingos use lamellae to filter
–skimming: skimmers use elongated mandible
Define the following terms: palmately webbed toes, lobate webbed toes, totipalmately webbed feet
–palmately webbed is three toes
–lobate is a swimming foot with a series of lobes along the toes
–totipalmately is four webbed toes
Define these terms: lamellae and speculum
–Lamellae is an array of fine filter plates that trap small particles
–speculum: a patch of secondary feathers distinctly coloured
Define zygodactyl, syndactly, anisodactly
“–zygodactyl: two toes in front two behind
–syndactyl: two or more toes fused together
–anisodactyl: three toes in front one behind”
Define: Nearctic, paleartic, neotropical
–nearctic: region including north america and greenland. low species diversity, lots of migration.
–paleeartic: region or subregion that includes Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, and Africa north of the Sahara. mostly migratory.
–neotropical: Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. High diversity, many species endemic
What flyways occur in North America and where are they in general?
–The Atlantic:
–The Mississippi
–The Central
–The Pacific Flyways: the western Arctic, the Rocky Mountain, Pacific coast regions of Canada, the United States and Mexico
Define COSEWIC
–COSEWIC: Committee On the Status of Endangered Wildlife In Canada
How do you distinguish between coopers hawk and sharp–shinned hawk?
–Coopers: square head
– Sharp-shinned: smoothly rounded head
How do you distinguish between downy and hairy woodpeckers?
Downy: small bill, spotted tail feathers
Hairy: Black tail feathers - beak is larger relative to head
USE SIBLEYS to find CLUES
How do you distinguish between mountain and black–capped chickadee?
–mountain has black mask with white eyebrow, and black–capped has full black cap
- voice of mountain chickadee is rougher
How do you distinguish between blue, ruffed, and spruce grouses?
Spruce: red eyebrow on male, white speckles on breast
Ruffed: lighter coloured, thin necked, crest on head
How do you distinguish between rough–legged and red–tail hawk?
Rough legged:
- not banded on belly, white band at base of tail,
- underside of wing have dark thumbprints on white background
Red Tailed:
- Belly band of dark streaks,
- on underside of wing have dark close to the body, fading into white
How do you distinguish between crow and raven?
–ravens have distinct ruffled neck feathers
- Ravens beak slightly curved at end
–raven has wedge-shaped tail, crow has a rounder (fan shaped) tail
SIBLEYS
What is Ornithology?
Ornithology is the scientific study of birds.
Characteristics of Bird Muscles
- Reduction in muscles to minimize weight:
- jaw muscles reduced, food swallowed whole
- hindlimb muscles reduced, rigid skeleton gives support instead
- Large flight muscles
Functions that feathers serve and what are they composed of?
Flight Heat conservation Display Waterproofing Camouflage
Composed of Keratin
What is the point of preening? Different types of preening?
Important in maintaining healthy feathers (cleaning, repairing, position)
Nibbling: ensure barbules are “zipped up” and repaired
Stroking: keeping feathers in place and someitmes applying oil
Summary - Avian Anatomical Adaptations for Flight include:
- Streamlined body - reduced resistance when moving through the air;
- feathers - light and help produce the streamlined body;- bones - pneumatic & reduced in number to reduce weight; fused in some cases for increased strength;
- muscles & viscera - centralized to keep most of a bird’s mass near centre of gravity, and;
- forelimbs modified as wings - airfoil to generate lift
Define extinction, extirpated, endangered, threatened, special concern, red listed, blue listed, yellow listed.
Extinction: A species that no longer exists
Extirpation: No longer exists in Canada but elsewhere (COSEWIC)
Endangered: facing imminent extirpation or extinction
Threatened: species that is likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed
Special Concern: characteristics that make it is particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events.
Red listed: species or subspecies are candidates for Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status
Blue Listed: Special concern
Yellow listed: apparently secure and not at risk of extinction
Global conservation status rank 1-5
A Global Rank applies to a species/ecological community across its entire range. The
ranks have the following meaning:
1 = critically imperiled very high risk of extinction due to extreme rarity (often 5 or fewer populations),
very steep declines, or other factors.
2 = imperiled high risk of extinction due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or
fewer), steep declines, or other factors.
3 = vulnerable to extirpation or extinction At moderate risk of extinction due to a restricted range,
relatively few populations (often 80 or fewer), recent and widespread declines, or other factors.
4 = apparently secure Common; widespread and abundant.
5 = demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure.
NR = unranked - Global Rank not yet assessed.
Provincial Conservation Status rank 1-5
e.g. S1B, N1X
Provincial Ranks apply to a species or natural plant community’s conservation status in
British Columbia. The National (N: i.e., Canada) and subnational (S: state or province)
status followed by a number which have the following meaning:
1 = critically imperiled (i.e., N1 or S1)
2 = imperiled
3 = vulnerable to extirpation or extinction
4 = apparently secure
5 = demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure
N = nonbreeding (i.e., S1N)
B = breeding (i.e., S1B)
X = presumed extripated ((i.e., SX)
COSEWIC Ranks
Each COSEWIC (Committee On the Status of Endangered Species In Canada) rank is
followed by the date that the rank was last reviewed. Ranks have the following
meanings:
XX = EXTINCT: A species that no longer exists.
XT = EXTIRPATED: A species that no longer exists in the wild in Canada, but occurring
elsewhere.
E = ENDANGERED: A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction.
T = THREATENED: A species that is likely to become endangered if limiting factors are
not reversed.
SC = SPECIAL CONCERN: A species of special concern because of characteristics
that make it is particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events.
NAR = NOT AT RISK: A species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk.
DD = DATA DEFICIENT: A species for which there is insufficient scientific information to
support status designation.
BC list status
BC List Status
Species are assigned to one of six provincial lists depending on their Subnational Conservation Status. The lists are as follows:
EXTINCT: Species that no longer exist.
RED: Includes any indigenous species or subspecies that have- or are candidates for Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia. Extirpated taxa no longer exist in the wild in British Columbia, but do occur elsewhere. Endangered taxa
are facing imminent extirpation or extinction. Threatened taxa are likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed. Not all Red-listed taxa will necessarily become formally designated. Placing taxa on these lists flags them as being at risk and
requiring investigation.
BLUE: Includes any indigenous species or subspecies considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia. Taxa of Special Concern have characteristics that make them particularly sensitive or vulnerable to human activities or natural events. Blue-listed taxa are at risk, but are not Extirpated, Endangered or Threatened.
YELLOW: Includes species that are apparently secure and not at risk of extinction
INTRODUCED: Also know as exotic, alien or non-native, these are species that humans transported to an area previously outside of that species’ geographic range.
ACCIDENTAL: Casual or accidental visitor, not occurring annually.
