biotic interactions (inc. fungi)

Question 1

what is co-evolution?

Answer 1

• reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species

Question 2

insect-plant example of co-evolution (metabolites)

Answer 2

wild parsnip and webworms

Question 3

webworm & wild parsnip research paper

Answer 3

Berenbaum et al. (1986)

Question 4

insect-plant example of co-evolution (pollination)

Answer 4

orchid and hawk moth (Darwin)

Question 5

multiple crop stresses

Answer 5

human activities 
invasive species 
climate change 
over-cropping 
growing crops on marginal lands

Question 6

biotic factor affecting plant growth

Answer 6

weeds
pathogens
competition
invasive species

Question 7

treatments for weeds

Answer 7

burning 
tillage 
herbicides 
smothering 
inter-cropping

Question 8

types of coevolution (4)

Answer 8

competition
predation
parasitism
mutualism - nitrogen fixing bacteria & plants

Question 9

types of coevolutionary relationships

Answer 9

antagonistic

cooperative

Question 10

requirements of coevolution

Answer 10

genetic variation

reciprocal natural selection

Question 11

what will be our future needs for plants under pressure?

Answer 11

drought
frost 
pathogens/pests
harvesting 
breeding 
conservation
salinity

Question 12

mycorrhizal networks in temperate heather, woodland & grassland

Answer 12

heather - ericoid mycorrhizas
ectomycorrihzas
arbuscular endomycorrhizas