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Global Change Biology > Biotic Interactions > Flashcards

Biotic Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

What are biotic interactions

A

Includes disease, herbivory and competition

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2
Q

Examples of disease organisms

A

Plant pathogens

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3
Q

Example of herbivory organisms

A

Pests

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4
Q

Examples of competition organisms

A

Weeds and neighbouring plants

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5
Q

What is the average percentage loss for major crops to disease

A

4

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6
Q

What is the average percentage loss for major crops to pests

A

3

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7
Q

What is the average percentage loss for major crops to weeds

A

3

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8
Q

What is disease

A

Damage to plants due to infection by plant pathogen micro-organisms like viruses and bacteria and fungi

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9
Q

Example of virus

A

Cucumber mosaic

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10
Q

What takes place in a lot of vitally infected plants

A

Chlorotic effect

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11
Q

Example of bacteria on pant s

A

Crown gall

Soft rots like in cabbage

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12
Q

Example of fungi causing disease

A

Potato blight
Southern leaf blight
Dutch elm disease

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13
Q

What are fungi a major problem in

A

Crops and many wild plants like anther smut

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14
Q

How is Dutch elm disease spread

A

A vascular wilt disease spread By bark beetles

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15
Q

When did Dutch elm disease transform the uk landscape

A

1960s - rarely see them in the country side anymore

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16
Q

What is a disease in our lifetime

A

Ashdie back - through the country to point it’s almost everywhere and is dangerous for trees and composition of flora and fauna. Maturing trees wilt and die back, stem rots, twigs are dead. Fungus sporalating through tree

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17
Q

Examples of plant eating animals

A

Vertebrates and invertebrates

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18
Q

Examples of invertebrates

A

Mites - attacking aerial

Nematodes - attacking roots

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19
Q

What are the different ways in which insect eat the plants

A

Attack different host tissue.

Chewers and sap suckers

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20
Q

How do chewers work

A

Boring through the centre of wooden stems of plants or down into bulbs or this ones if plants causing damage

21
Q

How do sap-suckers work

A

black fly or green fly. Plug feeding part into flower forcing the content out into their mouth as honeydew

22
Q

How does competition work

A

Limits the maximum size of a population or its biomass in a given habitat

23
Q

What are the two competition interactions

A

Between individuals of he same species or individuals of different species

24
Q

What are many plants

A

Aggressive competitiors

25
What is vital to understand in competition
It may be slow but it’s intense. Interactions between crops within a monoculture for example. Crop-weed interactions. The structure and dynamics of natural vegetation.
26
How do competition, pathogens and pests affect plant growth
Interfer with host plants ability to acquire and utilise essential resources
27
What are essential resources for plants
Light (most important) Water Co2 Nutrients
28
Why is a plants ability to intercept and utilise the light important
To reproduce photosynthate to produce sugar for growth rate
29
What are plant growth and crop yield often seen as
Direct linear functions of cumulative light interception
30
What does light interception depend on
Leaf area: | The amount of leaf area and position of the leaves
31
How does the position of the leaves affect light interception
Horizontal leaves vs vertical leaves. Position within the canopy. Above is likely to intercept more light.
32
Examples of plant adaptations conferring strong competitive ability
Taller plants - on top of canopy so more light Bigger plants - larger leaf area Faster growing plants - go above and get light b4 others can shade you
33
How can pest and pathogens reduce yield
Reducing light interception - destroying leaf area. Reducing efficiency with which light is utilised in photosynthesis. Bc the plant is chlorotic more energy used photosynthetically to bring colour back. Both these thing combined is most fruqent and main long term effect.
34
How can plants respond to biotic interactions
Acclimation and adaptation
35
How can plants acclimate
Compensate for loss of photosynthate ability. | Reduce the probability and or severity of future attacks.
36
How do plants compensate for loss of photosynthate
Increase photosynthesis in undamaged leaves. | Rapid regrow this of new leaf tissue.
37
How do plants reduce the probability andnor severity of future attacks
Getting resistance developed through initial infection - systematically resistance of infection. E.g one leaf inoculated with rust disease and infection allowed to develop, one week later a second healthy leaf developed.
38
What are the 2 ways plants can adapt
Tolerance | Resistance
39
What is tolerance
The ability of the plant to endure the effects of herbivory (or infection by pathogen)
40
Example of tolerance
Always accumulate a lot of biomass as stored reserves that can be mobilised to support rapid re-growth after damage
41
What is resistance
The ability of the plant to rescue the severity of herbivory (or infection by a pathogen)
42
Example of resistance
Altering morphology | Chemical
43
Examples of altering morphology
Spines and thorns. Layers in cell wall that prevent the penetration of fungal cells. Change structure of the plant so it’s less attractive by changing the biochemistry. Make it harder to break down and chew.
44
What is altering morphology
Increaed toughness and physical barriers
45
What is chemical resistance central to
Many plant defences against pests and pathogens and understanding how environmental change may affect ecosystem processes.
46
How do plants change their secondary chemistry in biotic stress
Producing different metabolites and different compounds to make plant less attractive or more toxic or gross and less able to be broken down by stress.
47
How do plants change their secondary chemistry for UV-B
Acclimate using uv-b compounds and they are the same type of compounds plants utilise as chemical mechanisms against biodecomposers.
48
Why is chemical resistance critical to think about
All the changes in the environment that could have the potential to have an impact on secondary chemistry. How they resit a whole plethora of consumers.

Global Change Biology (6 decks)

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