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Life Sciences Grade 10 > Biotic and Abiotic Factors (pg 192-199,202) > Flashcards

Biotic and Abiotic Factors (pg 192-199,202) Flashcards

ALL DIAGRAMS MUST BE LEARNT FROM TEXTBOOK

1
Q

what are biotic factors

A

living things in an ecosystem

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2
Q

producers

A

plants use light energy from Sun to produce food

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3
Q

consumers

A

organisms that are not able make their own food; eat other organisms

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4
Q

decomposers

A

organisms that feed on dead matter, breaking it down and returning it to the environment

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5
Q

examples of producers

A

photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae)

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6
Q

who are the food makers in an ecosystem

A

producers

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7
Q

what do plants use to make food

A

light, water, carbon dioxide

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8
Q

how do consumers get their food

A

directly from plants or from animals that eat the plants

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9
Q

how are consumers classified

A

-herbivores (plants) eg. buck, sheep, cattle
-carnivores (animals) eg. snakes, vultures, lions
-omnivores (both) eg. baboons, warthogs, humans

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10
Q

examples of decomposers

A

fungi, bacteria, maggots

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11
Q

what are abiotic factors

A

non-living things that provide the basis of an ecosystem

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12
Q

examples of abiotic factors

A

soil, water, light, temperature, air, physiographic factors

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13
Q

silt

A

very fine particles of rock

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14
Q

humus

A

organic material found in soil formed by decomposition of organisms by decomposers

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15
Q

water-holding capacity

A

amount of water a soil can hold

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16
Q

what does soil consist of

A

particles of different sizes

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17
Q

how to separate soil layers

A

mixing it with water

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18
Q

what are the 3 types of soil

A
  1. sandy
  2. loamy
  3. clay
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19
Q

what does loamy soil consist of

A

mixture of sand, silt, clay and humus

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20
Q

what is the purpose of humus

A

hold soil particles together to from soil crumbs. helps soil hold water better. contains minerals and salts plants need for growth

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21
Q

how does each soil feel

A
  1. sticky = clay
  2. gritty = sandy
  3. soapy = loamy
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22
Q

how much water can each type of soil hold

A
  1. clay = a lot
  2. sandy = very little
  3. loamy = moderate
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23
Q

what is the important of water holding capacity in soils

A

plant growth

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24
Q

what type of plants grow in sandy soil

A

plants with large, shallow root system because absorb water quickly before it has ben drained

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25
Q

air content for different soils

A
  1. sand = large air spaces
  2. clay = small air spaces
  3. loamy = moderate amount air
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26
Q

what does more air content mean on soils

A

more oxygen available for plants

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27
Q

how does soil develop a pH

A

decomposers break down dead organic material, weak acids are produced. makes soil acidic

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28
Q

what pH level do plants grow best in

A

low pH (slightly acidic)

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29
Q

what plants grow better if the soil in alkaline (high pH)

A

highveld grasses, wheat, beans, onions

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30
Q

what plants grow better in acidic soil

A

maize, cane sugar, potatoes

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31
Q

what do living organisms need water for

A

body processes that keep them alive

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32
Q

what is the water cycle

A

natural cycle in which water is circulated through ecosystems by means of processes such as evaporation and condensation

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33
Q

where is the majority of earths water

A

seas and oceans

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34
Q

explain how water vapour is formed

A

heat energy from Sun causes some water from water bodies to evaporate and from water vapour. plants lose water from their leaves as water vapour during transpiration

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35
Q

how to plants absorb water

A

from the soil

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36
Q

how are clouds formed

A

water vapour rises in the atmosphere where it cools and condenses to from clouds

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37
Q

what are clouds made of

A

water and ice

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38
Q

explain rain

A

water droplets in clouds join and become too heavy to be held in suspension in the air and fall to Earth’s surface and rain

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39
Q

3 things happens to rain water

A
  1. soaked into land and stored groundwater
  2. runs off land into rivers
  3. returns atmosphere by evaporation
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40
Q

what happens to groundwater

A

water filtered through soil to bedrock, comes urface again in rivers

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41
Q

wetland

A

area covered by shallow water for most of the year

42
Q

examples of wetlands

A

swamps, marshes, shallow lakes, vleis

43
Q

south africa’s most famous wetland

A

st. Lucia wetlands in KZN

44
Q

how has wetlands been lost

A

worlds population increased, need more land housing, agriculture and industry

45
Q

why are wetlands important

A
  1. provide habitat and breeding ground plants and animals (birds, amphibians, fish)
  2. source water plants and animals
  3. filter and clean water
  4. act giant sponges and store water to prevent flooding during heavy rains
  5. dry season, helps keep rivers and streams flowing
46
Q

how do wetlands filter and clean water

A

trap soil particles, pollutants and disease-causing organisms make water unsuitable or unsafe to use

47
Q

how do people benefit from wetlands

A
  1. supply water people/domestic animals
  2. locals plant crops in soil and fish lakes
  3. natural materials found (reeds for housing), make items sell
  4. some plants used locals to make medicines
  5. popular wildlife and tourist areas
  6. trained and employed as tourist guides
48
Q

photosynthesis

A

process using light energy to make food

49
Q

photoperiod

A

number of hours of light that a plant gets everyday

50
Q

diurnal

A

active during day and inactive at night

51
Q

nocturnal

A

active at night and inactive during day

52
Q

how do living organisms depend on light

A

plants - growth
animals - daily routine

53
Q

what does photosynthesis produce

A

food for plants, oxygen

54
Q

what happens when a plant gets more light

A

photosynthesis speeds up

55
Q

how many light hours does chrysanthemums need to flower

A

10 hours light each day

56
Q

when will namaqualand flower

A

only in bright light

57
Q

examples of nocturnal animals

A

bushbabies (galagos), moths

58
Q

how do nocturnal animals see at night

A

eyes many light receptors, sensitive dim light. big eyes lets in more light

59
Q

when does southern hemisphere receive more light

A

november, december, january

60
Q

how does the tilt of the earth effect direct sunlight

A

causes sun to be higher in the sky during summer months, increases amount sunlight falling onto earths surfaces

61
Q

why are reptiles more active during the day

A

cannot regulate own body temperature, active during day when warmer and not cooler at night

62
Q

why do some plants open during the day and some open at night

A

temperature difference

63
Q

why do deserts have distinct periods of activity

A

large temperature variations between day and night

64
Q

winter tempreture

A

lower, shorter periods of daylight

65
Q

summer tempreture

A

higher, longer periods daylight

66
Q

migration

A

seasonal movement of animals from one area to another in response to climatic conditions such as temperature and rainfall

67
Q

when do animals usually migrate

A

start of winter

68
Q

where do swallows migrate to

A

leave south africa to northern africa or europe

69
Q

what does seasonal temperature effect

A

amounts food and water available to animals

70
Q

what happens inland areas during winter(temperature)

A

less grazing and water because lower temperatures and lack of rain. animals migrate areas more grazing and water

71
Q

examples animals migrate

A

locusts, butterflies, whales ,penguins, turtles

72
Q

hibernation

A

slowing down of body processes when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce. some animals become inactive in winter

73
Q

what happens during hibernation

A

animal’s body temperature drops, heart beat slows and become totally inactive

74
Q

where does the horseshoe bat live

A

Sudwala caves in Mpumalanga

75
Q

what happens horseshoe bats heartbeat in winter

A

slows 4 beats per minute, body temperature drops to temperature of environment, wakes up warm days increase body temperature

76
Q

aestivation

A

slowing down of body activity and processes in response to high temperatures

77
Q

what happens during aestivation

A

weather very hot and dry, animals hide keep cool and prevent water loss, body temperatures slow down and become inactive until temperature drops

78
Q

how do bullfrogs aestivate

A

bury themselves mud at bottom of lakes and rivers, dry up in summer. body processes slow down and use air stored air sac provide oxygen for respiration until river/lake fills up again

79
Q

what happens plants in arctic

A

small, close ground so dont freeze by cold wind

80
Q

what plants track the sun

A

sunflowers, Namaqualand daisies, artic plants

81
Q

which plants need low temperatures to germinate

A

peaches and plums, peas and beans

82
Q

why do some plants germinate in low temperatures

A

ensures seeds do not germinate during autumn but after winter when seedling have chance to survive

83
Q

what plants need high temperatures grow

A

tomatoes and many fruits and vegetables

84
Q

when do plants that prefer lower temperatures grow

A

winter and early spring

85
Q

deciduous trees

A

lose leaves winter and become dormant. new buds do not grow and are covered for protection against cold

86
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

87
Q

physiographic-factors

A

factors relate to the physical features of land such as altitude, aspect and slope

88
Q

what er the three main gases found in the atmosphere

A

nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and carbon dioxide (0,03%)

89
Q

what is nitrogen needed for

A

formation of proteins

90
Q

wind

A

moving currents of air

91
Q

what does wind play a role in

A

pollination, seed dispersal, animal dispersal

92
Q

how does wind affect rate of transpiration

A

plants lose more water through transpiration when it is windy

93
Q

how does wind effect lakes, rivers and seas

A

speeds up evaporation

94
Q

altitude

A

height above sea level

95
Q

slope

A

how steep or flat an area is

96
Q

aspect

A

direction a slope faces

97
Q

higher altitude

A

lower temperatures, less oxygen and more intense sunlight - affects types of plants grow there

98
Q

what does steepness effect

A

how quickly water flows away from surface and kind of plants whether exposed wind and sunlight

99
Q

aspect in southern hemispshere

A

north-facing slopes warmer, sun rays come north. ferns grow south-side

100
Q

aspect effecting rain

A

wind blows rain onto south-east slopes, north-west slopes less rain

Life Sciences Grade 10 (9 decks)

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