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Human Biology Unit 4 > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

The Human Genome Project

A

Collaborative effort to map the location of the genes in a chromosome

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2
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic information of an organism

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3
Q

Importance of the Human Genome Project

A

Can screen for genetic diseases, monitor gene expression - can be prevented through preventative drug treatment, lifestyle changes

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4
Q

Hereditary Diseases

A

Caused by defective genetic information transmitted from one generation to the next

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5
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

The determination of the precise order of nucleotides in a sample of DNA

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6
Q

Spastic Paraplegia

A

Affected Chromosome 2 - progressive limb weakness and stiffness; paralysis

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7
Q

Diseases screened through DNA sequencing

A
  1. Sickle cell anemia
  2. Cystic fibrosis
  3. Some cancers
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8
Q

Profiling Techniques

A

Gel electrophoresis

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9
Q

Steps in Gel Electrophoresis

A
  1. Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at particular sequence
  2. DNA pieces are placed on a semi-solid gel and an electric current is passed through
  3. Smaller pieces of DNA travel further than larger ones
  4. Unique banding patterns are formed
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10
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

Allows rapid duplication of DNA sample (amplification)

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11
Q

PCR Process

A
  1. Denaturation - heated to 96C, splits DNA
  2. Annealing - DNA is cooled, primers are added (complimentary DNA sections), join to form complimentary strand
  3. Extension - DNA polymerase duplicated complimentary strand; both complimentary and original strand used to create more DNA
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12
Q

Use of Taq polymerase over DNA polymerase in PCR

A

Doesn’t breakdown when heated above 37.5C; can be used during denaturation

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13
Q

rDNA technology

A

Introduction of foreign DNA into a cell; genes from one organism are added to the chromosomes of another organism

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14
Q

rDNA (genetic engineering) - insulin

A
  1. Identify & isolate the gene for insulin production using restriction enzymes
  2. Remove plasmid from bacterium, cut using restriction enzyme (acts as vector)
  3. Combine sliced plasmid and insulin gene, permanently join using ligase
  4. Transgenic plasmid replace into bacterium - undergoes mitosis
  5. Many transgenic bacteria are produced
  6. Transcription and translation of insulin gene produces insulin
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15
Q

rDNA (genetic engineering) - factor VIII

A
  1. Identify & isolate the gene for factor VIII production using restriction enzymes
  2. Remove plasmid from bacterium, cut using restriction enzyme (acts as vector)
  3. Combine sliced plasmid and factor VIII gene, permanently join using ligase
  4. Transgenic plasmid replace into mammalian cell - undergoes mitosis
  5. Many transgenic plasmids are produced
  6. Transcription and translation of insulin gene produces factor VIII
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16
Q

rDNA (genetic engineering) - vaccine

A
  1. Identify & isolate the gene for antigen from attenuated pathogen production using restriction enzymes
  2. Remove plasmid from bacterium, cut using restriction enzyme (acts as vector)
  3. Combine sliced plasmid and antigen gene, permanently join using ligase
  4. Transgenic plasmid replace into yeast cell - undergoes mitosis
  5. Many transgenic plasmids are produced
  6. Transcription and translation of antigen gene produces antigen
17
Q

rDNA (genetic engineering) - human growth hormone

A
  1. Identify & isolate the gene for HCG production using restriction enzymes
  2. Remove plasmid from bacterium, cut using restriction enzyme (acts as vector)
  3. Combine sliced plasmid and HCG gene, permanently join using ligase
  4. Transgenic plasmid replace into bacterium - undergoes mitosis
  5. Many transgenic bacteria are produced
  6. Transcription and translation of HCG gene produces human growth hormone
18
Q

Gene therapy

A

The transfer of a therapeutic (working copy) of a gene into specific cells of an individual to repair a faulty gene; easiest to treat point mutations

19
Q

Gene therapy process

A
  1. Cells are removed from patient
  2. Virus is altered to inhibit reproduction (in vitro) using restriction enzymes
  3. Healthy copy of a gene is inserted into virus
  4. Altered virus is mixed with cells from patient
  5. Cells are genetically altered
  6. Altered cells reintroduced to host in lungs
  7. Cells begin to produce the correct protein
20
Q

Gene therapy - viral vectors

A

Used to introduce DNA to a host cell, may be introduced in vitro or in vivo

21
Q

Gene therapy - disadvantages of viral vectors

A
  1. Can only carry a limited amount of genetic material
  2. Can cause illness in patient
  3. Can be destroyed by immune system
22
Q

Gene therapy - cystic fibrosis

A

Caused by faulty genes on chromosome 7

  1. Lung cells are removed from the patient
  2. Virus is altered in vitro to inhibit reproduction through the use of restriction enzymes
  3. A healthy CFTR gene is inserted into virus
  4. Altered virus is mixed with lung cells from the patient
  5. Cells become genetically altered
  6. Altered cells are reintroduced to host in lungs
  7. Cells containing CFTR gene produce the correct protein
23
Q

Gene therapy - huntington’s disease

A

Caused by faulty genes on chromosome 4

  1. Nerve cells are removed from the patient
  2. Virus is altered in vitro to inhibit reproduction through the use of restriction enzymes
  3. A healthy huntington gene is inserted into virus
  4. Altered virus is mixed with nerve cells from the patient
  5. Cells become genetically altered
  6. Altered cells are reintroduced to host in brain
  7. Cells containing healthy huntington gene produce the huntington protein
24
Q

Cell replacement therapy

A

Healthy cells derived from stem cells are introduced into the body - function in place of damaged cells

25
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Harvested 4-6 day old blastocysts - are pluripotent

26
Q

Cell replacement therapy - Parkinson’s and Alzheimers

A

Dying neurons can be replaced with healthy neurons derived from stem cells - neuro-degenerative diseases

27
Q

Tissue engineering

A

Stem cells are induced to grow on a scaffold to produce a 3D tissue
Scaffold is then implanted into the patient where it is needed
Used for bone, skin, cartilage, adipose tissue

Human Biology Unit 4 (6 decks)

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