Biotechnology

Question 1

Purpose of Biotechnology

Answer 1

Dna is analysed and compared for applications such as tracking evolutionary changes

Question 2

Polymerase Chain reaction

Answer 2

Segments of DNA are duplicate through a series of repeated cycles multiplication using PCR .

PCR is like a biological photocopier.

Question 3

Restriction enzymes

Answer 3

cuts Dna into smaller length

Question 4

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 4

seperating the lengths of DNA to create DNA profile

Question 5

process of Polymersase chain reaction

Answer 5

1. Denaturing-> high temperatures more specifically 96 degrees are exposed to a DNA-> this is done to seperate the double strands. This usually invovles the use of DNA helicase where hot temperatures must be used to break the strong hydgrogen bonds between the strands without disrupting the other individual strands.
2. Annealing-> Cools down the high temperatures, the two strands are now subjected to primers ( forward+ reverse) matching its complementary bases. primers acts as starting point for replication of new DNA MOLECULE. Dna is annealed to the primer. only adds existing bases to the DNA STRAND, a new dna strand has been sythesized behind the primers on each template strand ( 55 degrees- 65 degrees)
3. Extension/ elongation-> does not replicate the whole strand as the starting point is the primers. Starting at the primer the dna polymerase starts creating the Dna complementary strand resulting in two DNA STRANDs-> this process results in compounding amplifiacation=> chain reaction.

DNA polymerase must be consistently added as it may denature thus you must use a large amount of DNA polymerase thus it is quite costly. Now use a heat resistant polymerase ( taq -62 degrees to 72 degrees) as this bacterium found in very hot enviroments does not denature and is needed because sample needs to be alternatively heated and cooled

Question 6

Why is gel electro used

Answer 6

1.Crime investigation evidence
2. determining parentage
3. antrhopological research

Question 6

Describe the process of electro phoresis

Answer 6

1. Dna piece are placed in well in a semi solid gel.
2. An electrical current is passed down into the electroes in the gel
3. The Dna which is negatively charge will be attracted to the positive electrode
4. the smaler the rfagment the faster it travels
5. results in banding patterns ( which is DNA profiling)

Question 6

Who made dna sequencing.

Answer 6

Fredrick sanger - sanger method-> comparison of dna strands= can identify changed alleles-> point mutations and small insertions or deletions can be detected.
( cystic fibrosis)