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Biostats Flashcards

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1
Q

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

A

-research perspective that states there will be no (true) diff b/w the groups being compared!!!

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2
Q

statistical perspectives

A
  • superiority
  • non-inferiority
  • equivalency
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3
Q

mode, median, mean, outliers

A
  • mode- most freq/common
  • median- middle
  • mean- avg
  • outliers- impact the MEAN!!
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4
Q

inter-quartile range (IQR)

A

-middle 50%

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5
Q

Shapes of data distribution- symmetrical

A

(bell-shaped)

-normally distributed!!!

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6
Q

std deviations

A
  • 1 std deviation above/below mean- 68% of pop
  • 2- 95%
  • 3- 99.7%
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7
Q

Positively Skewed

A
  • tail points to the right

- mean > median

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8
Q

Negatively skewed

A
  • tail points to left

- mean < median

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9
Q

Skewness- measures?

A
  • measure of the asymmetry of distribution

- a perfectly-normal distribution is symmetric and has a skewness value of 0

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10
Q

3 primary levels for data

A
  • nominal
  • ordinal
  • interval
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11
Q

2 key attributes of data measurement

A
  • Magnitude

- fixed interval

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12
Q

Nominal

A
  • dichotomous/binary (2 categories); non-ranked named categories
  • NO magnitude, NO interval
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13
Q

Ordinal

A
  • ranked categories

- YES magnitude, NO interval

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14
Q

Interval

A
  • units!!

- YES magnitude, YES interval

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15
Q

required assumptions of interval data

A
  • normally distributed
  • equal variances
  • LEVENE’S TEST- when want to know if variances or spread of groups are equal!!
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16
Q

Handling interval data not normally distributed

A

-cant be interval!

17
Q

4 key questions to select the correct statistical test

A
  • Data level- magnitude, interval
  • type of comparison
  • how many groups- 2 or 3 or more
  • data independent or related (paired)
18
Q

type of comparisons

A
  • correlation
  • regression (prediction)
  • survival comparison (time)
  • group comparison
19
Q

Correlation (r)

A
  • quantitative measure of strength and direction of a relationship b/w variables
  • values range from -1.0 to +1.0
  • +1.0- perfectly positive- 45 degree angle, positive slope
  • 0.0- no association
  • -1.0- perfectly negative- 45 degree angle, neg slope
20
Q

Correlation tests

A
  • nominal- contingency coefficient
  • ordinal- spearman correlation
  • interval- pearson correlation
21
Q

Survival tests- represented by?

A

(TIME)

-kaplan-meier curve

22
Q

Survival tests

A
  • nominal- Log-rank test
  • ordinal- cox-proportional hazards test
  • interval- kaplan-meier
23
Q

Regression tests

A

(prediction)

  • nominal- Logistic regression
  • ordinal- multinomial logistic regression
  • interval- linear regression
24
Q

Nominal data- 2 groups of indep data; 3 or more groups of indep data; 2 or more groups w expected cell count of <5

A
  • (Pearson’s) Chi-square test- 2 groups of indep data
  • Chi-square test of independence- 3 or more groups of indep data
  • Fisher’s Exact test- 2 or more groups w expected cell count of <5
25
Q

Nominal data- 3 or more groups of indep and related data- post-hoc testing

A

-Bonferroni test of inequality

26
Q

Nominal data- 2 groups of paired/related data, 3 or more groups of paired/related data

A
  • McNemar test- 2 groups

- Cochran- 3 or more groups- Bonferroni test of inequality

27
Q

Ordinal data- 2 groups of indep data, 3 or more groups of indep data

A
  • Mann-Whitney test- 2 groups

- Kruskal-Wallis test- 3 or more

28
Q

Ordinal data- 2 groups of paired/related data, 3 or more groups of paired/related data

A
  • Wilcoxon Signed Rank test- 2

- Friedman test- 3 or more

29
Q

Ordinal data- 3 or more groups of indep or related data- post-hoc test

A
  • Student-Newman-Keul
  • Dunnett
  • Dunn
30
Q

Interval data- 2 groups, 3 or more groups of indep data, 3 or more groups w Cofounders

A
  • student t-test- 2
  • ANOVA (analysis of variance)(1 DV), MANOVA (mult analysis of variance)(2 or more DVs)- 3 or more
  • ANCOVA, MANCOVA- w cofounders
31
Q

Interval data- 2 groups, 3 or more groups of PAIRED data, 3 or more groups w Cofounders

A
  • paired t-test- 2
  • repeated measures ANOVA, repeated measures MANOVA- 3 or more
  • ANCOVA, MANCOVA- w cofounders
32
Q

Interval data- post-hoc tests for 3 or more

A
  • student-newman-keul test
  • dunnett test
  • dunn test
  • turkey or scheffe tests
  • bonferroni connection
33
Q

Kappa statistic

A
  • correlation test showing relationship or agreement b/w evaluators (consistency of decisions)
  • +1- observers perfectly classify everyone exactly the same way
  • 0- no relationship at all b/w the observers’ classifications
  • +1- observers classify everyone exactly the opp of each other
34
Q

type 1 error

A

-rejecting Null hypothesis when it is actually TRUE, and you should have accepted it!!
(claim a diff when there isnt 1)

35
Q

type 2 error

A

-not rejecting null hypothesis when it is actually FALSE, and you should have rejected it
(when there is a diff)

36
Q

Power (1-B error)

A
  • ability of a study design to detect a true difference if 1 truly exists
  • sample size- inc power!!!
37
Q

p value

A
  • probability of making type 1 error~
  • <5%- can reject the null hypothesis- statistically significant
  • > 5%- not statistically significant
38
Q

Confidence Interval (CI)

A
  • 95% confident that the true diff or relationship b.w the groups is contained within the confidence interval range
  • if CI crosses 1.0- NOT significant (p>0.05)

Psych (16 decks)

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