Biosecurity and applications in livestock Flashcards
What is included in biosecurity?
1.precautions taken to reduce the risk of exposure to disease
- prevent introduction of infectious disease
- Minimize the risk of disease transmission
(between animals, between people, between geographical locations, between species)
What does biosecurity impact?
-animal health and welfare
-human health
-food safety
-international trade
-good business practices
-legal accountability
-economic sustainability
What is the most effective means of disease control?
Biosecurity
-cheap and effective
-no disease prevention program will work without it
Weaknesses of biosecurity
- Minimal scientific study of biosecurity effectiveness
-biosecurity practices are very different from current practices= impractical
- difficult to quantify risk or benefit of disease prevention and exclusion practices
Examples of biosecurity measure research for calves
-separate shelters for calves vs cows
-move cow-calf pairs to nursery pasture within 48hrs
-calves from herds where animals were purchased a month before calving= mortality rate higher
Biosecurity ARITS
Assess
Resist
Isolate
Traffic
Sanitation
Assessment
-take a look at what could go wrong… assess the risk
-evaluate potential to control, reduce or eliminate each risk identified
Risk assessment
-look at additions, movements, contacts, people, things, products, wildlife, contamination of feed or water, envrionmental
RITS
-maximize resistance
-isolate from outside and within
-control exposure and potential spread
-clean!
Resistance
refers to the animals disease defence mechanisms having the ability to not become infected if they are exposed
*vaccine programs
*reduce stress, poor nutrition, housing, lack of consistent management
Local vaccine example
Cows vaccinated with modified live OR inactivated vaccine were more likely to be pregnant than unvaccinated
Increasing resistance in calves
Maximize colostrum consumption by newborn calves
Factors affecting passive transfer in calves
Decreased serum IgG
-twin pregnancy
-first calf heifers
-any assistance at calving
Any dystocia
Isolation
Prevent introduction of infected animals
**Keep a closed herd
-can involve purchased animals, animals sharing fences, bulls are borrowed or loaned, animals transported
Cattle shows
Cattle going to shows is a biosecurity risk
Community pasture risks
Mixing together of herds of varying infection status and immunity
-crowding of cattle in Fall during sorting
-individuals are often at ideal stage of gestation for fetal infection to occur with BVD
-breeding allows for venereal transmission
Isolation and management
BEST
-bring in only semen and embryos
-bring only animals from uninfected herds
-bring only animals with known disease status and vaccine status
-avoid purchase of animals of unknown source and cattle that have mingled during sale
WORST
Isolation testing
Few diseases to test for isolation
-test for BVD and Trichomonas, Johne’s disease
-treat calves born to purchased cattle as if they are new introductions = isolate and test for BVDV
Minimize disease transfer
-test for disease if you can
-transport animals in owned truck
-quarantine new animals
-minimize commingling and movement of infected animals
-all in all out management
-separate risk groups (young, diseased, manure)
Traffic control
Involves traffic onto the operation and traffic patterns within the operation
*vehicles, animals, people,
*review pest control
Components of traffic control
- limit people access
-different people represent different risk
-high risk groups should have greater precautions
-international visitors should have access for at least 5 days after arrival - post traffic signs
-give them information and contact on what to do - Visitor records
- Infectious disease prevention
-clean boots +disposable boot covers) and overalls (can be provided)
-no visitor access to animals and feed - Dead animal area away from healthy animals
-other animal access area
6.vehicle cleaning areas
7.prevent transporters or dealers from having access to animals that are staying on farm (not sale animals)
Sanitation
Disinfection of materials, people, equipment entering the operation
**PREVENT FECAL-ORAL CROSS CONTAMINATION
-clean loaders between manure/dead animals and feed
-remove organic matter (feces, blood, saliva, urine)
-minimize use of oral equipment and if used, clean it!
Sanitation steps
- clean
2.disinfect
**temperature and contact time affects disinfectants ability to work
**ensure correct dilution of disinfectant
What factors affect which disinfectant you use?
-target pathogen
-organic load
-disinfectant properties
Minimize blood transmission
Sanitation= decrease exposure to infectious diseases by minimizing blood transmission between cattle
-ensure hoof trimmer starts with clean tools and chute
Ways to decrease exposure infectious diseases within herds
-remove and dispose dead stock and aborted fetus
**prevent canine access
-be aware of rodent, insect, birds, canine control
Biosecurity
-written risk assessments
-written biosecurity protocols for specific management groups on farm and disease
*who is responsivle, clear monitoring and control points, indications for action and plan/actions to correct
-vets should always recommend even if you doubt producers will implement
