Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCQ1 > BIOS4001 final exam > Flashcards

BIOS4001 final exam Flashcards

1
Q

levels of organisation in the body

A

molecules- chemical level of organisation
to
cells- building blocks of body
to
tissues- groups of cells with sim structure and function
to
organs- collection of tissue
which makes up systems
which makes up the organism- the human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is homeostatsis

A

control of physiological variables within a normal range around a set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what levels shoul things be homeostatsis

A

blood glucose- 3.5-6 mM
blood osmolarity- 280-295 mOsM
body temp- 36.5-37.5
arterial blood pressure- 120/80 mmHg
arterial pO2 80-100 mmHg
arterial pH, 7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organs of nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • peripheral nerves
  • sense organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Central Nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • process and coordinates sensory data (input), motor commands (output) and higher functions of brain like memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • nerves and sense organs such as eyes
  • connects nervous systems with other systems, delivers sensory info to CNS, carry motor commands to pheripheral tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

equilibrium potentials

A

of an ion is voltage thats achieved when the plasma mebrane is exclusively permeable to that ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

graded potential

A
  • temp localized change in resting potential
  • caused by stimulus
  • amplitude signal
    -sets up for second type of potential, action potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

action potential

A
  • produced by graded potential that exceeds a threshold
  • propagates along surface of aon to nerve terminal and synapse
  • electrical impulse and frequency signal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

synaptic activity

A
  • releases neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane
  • produces graded potentials in the postsynaptic membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

information processing

A

response (integration of stimuli) of the postsynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sensory pathways

A

depolarisation of sensory receptor- action potential generated- propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pheripheral nervous system- somatic nervous system

A

–Somatic motor system
-control of skeletal muscle contractions
–Innervation of skeletal muscle
-the neuromuscular junction
-motor units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pheripheral nervous system- autonomic nervous system

A

The Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

endocrine system- hypothalamus and pituitary gland hormones

A

head of endocrine
posterior pituitary gland
- antidiuretic hormone- water reabsorption of the kidney
- oxytocin- woman stuff
anterior pituitary gland
- ACTH- secretion of cortisol
- TSH- growth and activity of thyroid gland
- growth hormone- excess = acromegaly deficiency= dwarfism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

endocrine- adrenal gland

A

cortisol
deficiency= addisons disease
excess= cushings syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

endocrine- thyroid

A

thyroxine
deficiency- hypothyroidism
excess- hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

endocrine- parathyroid

A

PTH secreted in responsde to low blood Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endocrine- pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon
diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cardiac cycle 5 stages

A
  1. Ventricular diastole: active ventricular filling (atrial systole)
  2. Ventricular systole: isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ventricular systole: ejection phase
  4. Ventricular diastole: isovolumetric relaxation
  5. Ventricular diastole: passive ventricular filling
21
Q

functions of blood

A

Mainly: Transports gas, nutrients (gut, adipose, liver),
signalling molecules (hormones) and metabolic wastes
* to 75 trillion cells!…these can die after just minutes without it
* Regulates body temperature (sweating, vasoconstriction)
* Buffers and balances pH and Ion (lactic acid, calcium…)
* Defends against pathogens and toxins (white blood cells)
* Restricts fluid loss at injury sites (clotting)
* ……Hydraulic functions (Reproduction!)

22
Q

functions of the gastrointestinal system

A

regulated intake of food and water
conversion of food into nutrients
absorption of nutrients and water
energy storage
excretion of waste products
protection against bacteria and toxins

23
Q

processes of the gastrointestinal system

A

sensory inputs: appetite, taste, smell, sight
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
secretion, absorption and excretion
regulation by nerves, hormones and local factors

24
Q

structure of the oral cavity

A

mechanical breakdown of food- teeth, tongue, muscles
chemical breakdown of food- amylase and lipase in saliva
swallowing reflex to move food bolus into pharynx and oesophagus

25
Q

functions of saliva

A

maintains oral hygeine
aids initial stages of digestion
facilitates speech and taset

26
Q

functions of the stomach

A

mechanical breakdown of food
chemical breakdown of food – gastric acid, pepsin, lipase
protection against ingested bacteria and toxins
production of intrinsic factor for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12
reservoir for storage of food and regulated input to duodenum
regulation of appetite via stretch of the stomach and ghrelin

27
Q

gastric emptying

A

movement of chyme into duodenum at controlled rate

changes in pyloric sphincter tone

rate dependent on food composition and volume

inhibitory: CCK, secretin, GIP, enterogastric reflexes

28
Q

Migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)

A

wave of electrical activity from 4-5 hours after last meal

mediated by motilin release from upper intestines

movement of air and fluid through the stomach and intestines

house-keeping mechanism to clear debris and prevent colonic bacteria entering the ileum

29
Q

what makes up the small intestines

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

30
Q

what makes up large intestines

A

caecum
colon

31
Q

small intestines- duodenum

A

villi and crypts for nutrient absorption
Brunner’s glands for secretion of alkaline fluid to neutralise gastric acid
site of delivery of pancreatic digestive enzymes
site of delivery of bile

32
Q

functions of bile

A

digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
emulsification of large lipid droplets to increase surface area for lipase activity
formation of micelles for transport and absorption

route of excretion for bilirubin and other substances, such as toxins

alkaline fluid buffers gastric acid

anti-bacterial properties

33
Q

absorption in small intestines

A

carbohydrate digestion by enzymes in digestive secretions and intestinal brush border

facilitated transport across intestinal cell using sodium-dependent and independent GLUT transporters

34
Q

absorption in small intestines proteins

A

protein digestion to peptides and amino acids by enzymes in digestive secretions and intestinal brush border

facilitated transport across intestinal cell using Na+-dependent amino acid symporter and peptide transporters

35
Q

gut motility in small intestines

A

Peristalsis

Law of the Intestine (Bayliss and Starling, 1899): when a bolus of material is placed in the intestine, it contacts behind the bolus and relaxes ahead

mixes and moves food forward along GI tract: oral to anal

Segmentation

contractions of circular muscle at alternate intervals

mixes chyme with digestive secretions and brings fresh chyme in contact with mucosal surface

36
Q

functions of large intestines

A

storage of indigestible food waste and excretion as faeces

reabsorption of water

gut microbiome
synthesis of vitamins K, B5, B7, B9
ferment fibre to short chain fatty acids
defence against pathogens
maintenance of gut epithelium
signals to brain and other tissues

37
Q

gut motility in large intestines

A

tone of ileocaecal sphincter

mass movements (propulsion) and haustration (mixing)
autonomic nervous activity
gastrointestinal tract reflexes

tone of anal sphincters
internal and external sphincters
conscious and autonomic reflexes

38
Q

functions of testes

A

production of spermatozoa (spermatogenesis)
synthesis and secretion of sex hormones

39
Q

functions of sertoli cells

A

sexual differentiation of male phenotype

control of spermatogenesis

mechanical support

nutritional support

production of seminiferous fluid

formation of blood-testis barrier

40
Q

maturational changes in the epididymis

A

sperm develop capacity to swim

change to surface of sperm head and formation of glycoprotein coat

change in metabolism from use of glucose stores to external fructose

change in sperm structure and loss of cytoplasmic droplet

41
Q

transport to site of fertilisation

A

sperm movement 4-5 mm/min

uterine contractions, promoted by oestrogens, prostaglandins and oxytocin

uterine cilia, stimulated by oestrogens

42
Q

functions of the ovaries

A

production of oocytes (oogenesis)
synthesis and secretion of sex hormones

43
Q

oogenesis

A

Regular cyclic release of ova at ovulation
Cyclic production of ova and steroids
Few oocytes released
Mitosis completed by birth when all oogonia become primary oocytes
No self-renewal
Finite number of gametes
1 primary oocyte produces only 1 mature ovum

44
Q

follicular phase

A
  • oestrogen
  • cervical mucus aquesous, protein filament channels
  • cervical muscle tone is relaxed
45
Q

luteal phase

A
  • progesterone
  • cervical mucus mucous, protein filament mesh
  • cervical muscle tone constricted
46
Q

factors affecting fertility

A

age: puberty and menopause

genetic and developmental factors

pathological factors

physiological factors

pharmacological factors

47
Q

physiological changes at puberty

A

physiological, anatomical and behavioural changes in the growing individual
activation of the gonads from juvenile to adult state, 9-14 years of age

onset of fertility: first menstruation (menarche) and first ejaculation
appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
growth spurt and changes in body composition
psychological effects

48
Q

factors affecting age of puberty

A

genetic factors: 50% of variation, especially mother and daughter

health and nutrition

body mass and composition

49
Q

pathological factors of fertility

A

obstructive diseases

chylamydia

thyroid hormone disorders

autoimmune disease, mumps

smoking, anabolic steroids, pesticides

diabetes, spinal injury

cryptorchidism, varicoceles

MCQ1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions