Biopsychosocial Model, Society, And Culture Flashcards

Question

Culture shock

Answer 1

Discomfort and ensuing re-evaluation of personal cultural assumptions when first encountering a new culture which can be a catalyst for personal growth and reflection

Answer 2

Material culture and non-material culture Material culture: objects involved in a certain way of life - Includes products manufactured, tools used, art made, and every object that supports or enriches a lifestyle (all things an archaeologist might uncover and study) Non-material culture: Encompasses elements of culture that are not physical like shared ideas, knowledge, assumptions, values, and beliefs that unify a group of people - E.g. religions, superstitions - Studied by living among people (ethnographers) or through language (historians)

Answer 3

Shared cultural experiences are often related to geographical area or country of origin, however can also transcend geography

Answer 4

Expectations that govern what behavior is acceptable within a group Social interactions help to define a culture by establishing norms Sanctions: social expressions of approval for conforming to norms or disapproval for failing to conform - Folkways are norms governing casual interactions (helping an elderly person, good or cutting in line, bad) - Mores are norms enforcing the moral standards of society (violations lead to serious negative sanctions such as prison) - Taboo is most extreme end of disapproval (violation is considered immoral and repulsive, e.g. cannibalism)

Answer 5

Subset of a population that maintains social interactions Identification with social groups influences culture or cultures that a person experiences Social group can be broad and be defined as a group identity among a set of individuals created by a collection of shared experiences (even though direct social interaction is not there) Group identity binds people together and builds shared cultural experiences

Answer 6

Humans are social animals, so they live in groups and feel the need to connect with those around them, establishing norms of behavior, social expectations, social ideas, and eventually culture When human lineage split from apes ~8 mya, human ancestors learned tool production and manipulation of fire Humans experienced explosion of cultural changes during last ice age and up to the present (E.g. cave art, metal working, agriculture, urban lifestyle, steam engine, internet introduced in last 40k years) Development of symbolic culture

Answer 7

Type of non-material culture that consists of elements of culture that have meaning only in the mind Based on shared system of collective beliefs in form of symbols Meanings determined by social norms, cultural values Includes meanings ascribed to rituals, gestures, and objects

Answer 8

Formal, ceremonial behavior with specific purpose and significance

Answer 9

Meanings people assign based on symbolic culture affect behavior and how individuals see the world Meanings are culturally situated and determined by different experiences and social interactions Symbolic culture provides basis for and is reinforced by symbolic interaction

Answer 10

Language: use of symbols to represent ideas Allow’s one person’s thoughts to be transferred to the mind of a second person through symbols, speech, or writing Enormous milestone in evolution of human culture Plays role in individual growth and learning by enabling transfer of shared ideas and knowledge throughout development

Answer 11

Defined as two or more individuals living together in a community and / or sharing elements of the culture Can sometimes encompass multiple cultures Structures of society are social institutions

Answer 12

Hierarchical systems that bring order to interpersonal interactions, structuring society Address a specific purpose or set of tasks Common examples: government & economy, education, religion, family, health & medicine

Answer 13

Social institution Government provides order to society through services it provides and making and enforcement of law Economy distributes goods and services to meet the needs of society - Both exist on local, state, national, and international level and provide framework and rules to structure society organized by power and authority

Answer 14

Allows individuals or groups to exert their will even when they are opposed by others (according to sociologist Max Weber)

Answer 15

Type of power that is viewed as legitimate by the population Can carry out its ends without resorting to force Can be enacted through tradition, bureaucracy, or charisma Traditional authority: Depends on a population’s respect for cultural patterns that have existed for a long time Rational-legal authority (bureaucratic): Describes power maintained by rules and regulations (traffic laws) Charismatic authority: Personal qualities that inspire devotion. Least stable and must eventually transform into one or a blend of the other two types

Answer 16

Distinction between capitalism and socialism Capitalism: resources and means to produce goods and services are privately controlled by individuals and organizations - Desire for profit drives commercial activity - More productive and tend to enjoy a greater degree of political freedom Socialism: Resources and means of producing goods and services are managed collectively - relies on government regulation to match productive output to demands of consumers - Tend to generate less per capita income, but also have decreased wealth disparity

Answer 17

An increasing number of individuals engage in work that is highly specific Contrasts with traditional labor frameworks in which all members of society engage in more or less the same daily activities

Answer 18

Social institution Provides formal structure during childhood and the transition to adulthood and an opportunity to instruct youth on social norms, expectations for behavior, knowledge, and skills that they will need to operate within society Transfer of cultural knowledge Encourages technological advancement, innovation, and discovery

Answer 19

Effects of education that are not explicit, transmitting cultural ideals beyond stated goals of institution - Unspoken aims of education, teaching children to conform to social expectations

Answer 20

Teachers treat students differently according to preconceived ideas about their capabilities Treatment influences a students’ achievement

Answer 21

Segregation of different communities which affects educational outcomes because communities with greater socioeconomic resources can spend more on education Segregation is separation of groups according to socially constructed outcomes Result is that students in disadvantaged neighborhoods receive lower quality education than more privileged students

Answer 22

Separation of students into groups on basis of academic achievement Process begins early on in education and creates a snowball effect that influences opportunities later in life

Answer 23

Social institution System of beliefs that affects how people make sense of their experiences and provides a framework for questions about life, death, and the purpose of existence Organized structure of behaviors and social interactions that addresses the spiritual needs of society Religiosity: extent to which religion is important to an individual or community

Answer 24

Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism

Answer 25

Monotheistic: religions that express belief in existence of one god Polytheistic: religions that express belief in many gods

Answer 26

Church: religious organization that is well established in larger society Sect: more radical group that forms by breaking away from established norms or beliefs of a mainstream church Cult: Views or practices that situate it outside of traditions of mainstream society and tend to form outside of any pre-existing religion Organizations exist on a continuum based on how fully integrated they are in society at large, cults and sects can become churches

Answer 27

Modernization: has made information accessible about religious practices (internet), has allowed religious practices to spread across the globe, and there are diverse challenges to religious identities Secularization: decreasing devotion to religious doctrines and practices - E.g. “culturally Jewish” but may not engage in Jewish customs Fundamentalism: Entails a strictly literal interpretation of sacred writings - limited tolerance for other religions

Answer 28

Social institution Consists of bonds of kin and marriage, where kinship describes social bonds that unit individuals into families Institution of family creates a social group in which to procreate, rear children, pass on cultural knowledge, and cooperate to meet life’s challenges Nuclear family: one man and one woman living together with their children

Answer 29

Bloodline, marriage, and adoption

Answer 30

One-parent families, couples that have no children, and gay and lesbian families Sometimes multiple generations of a family will dwell together in an extended family model Polygamy: - Polygyny: more than one woman married to a man - Polyandry: More than one man married to a woman

Answer 31

Social institution Fulfills the need for healthcare in an organized manner Beliefs and approaches to healing vary by culture and society - Western society: science-based medicine which is strictly biomedical - Holistic medicine: wellness of a whole person (more consistent with BPS)

Answer 32

Healthcare can be delivered at several levels - Personal healthcare services: available at clinics, neighborhood centers, offices, or homes - Public health services: maintain healthy environment to prevent diesase spread and other health conditions in the population (water and food supplies, safety & drug regulations) - Advancement of medical knowledge and education of new health care providers, education occurs in schools or private businesses - Health care delivery involves finances and payment, health insurance

Answer 33

Effort to describe a type of a behavior as a symptom of an underlying illness that should be treated by a doctor - Attempt on the part of powerful to control behaviors that are inconsistent with societal demands (e.g. ADHD for disruptive student)

Answer 34

When a person who is diagnosed with an illness exhibits the expected behaviors for an ill person, refers to outward behaviors Nature varies according to culture and socioeconomic status Serious illness exempts individuals from normal responsibilities such as going to work or school Illness experience: describes how an individual adjusts to interruptions to health Illness: definition of health problems in popular consciousness Disease: expert or medical definition of wellness

Answer 35

Statistics used to examine the nature of a specific population by quantifying subsets of that population Includes age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, immigration status, education level Useful for organizations such as government and businesses, relationship between demographic group and behavior Statistical snapshot of particular point in time, so do not capture changing nature of society

Answer 36

Social and psychological phenomenon best described by intersection of three related concepts: sex, gender identity, and gender expression Sex: assigned at birth based on infant’s genitalia Gender identity: individual’s internal sense of a self as male, female, both, or neither Gender expression: individual’s outward appearance and behaviors Gender and sex are distinct

Answer 37

Development of gender is subject to cultural influences and depends on social interactions Range of accepted gender presentations and identities varies between societies

Answer 38

Social construction of race: process by which racial categories are created through social forces Racialization: imposition of a racial identity on a particular group - been used to support the domination of less powerful groups

Answer 39

Race is a social construct, with no basis in actual genetic differences Emphasizes how variety of social factors interact to construct definitions, expectations, and experiences of race

Answer 40

Immigrants face many barriers to integration including lack of knowledge of new society as well as prevailing negative attitudes of existing citizenry Some of largest groups of immigration to US are from Mexica, Caribbean nations, and India Intersections with race, ethnicity, and immigration often lead to prejudice and discrimination

Answer 41

Gerentology: study of aging and the life course Process of aging involves need for continued learning Can study age by creating age cohorts: groups of people categorized by age range - Correspond to generations: baby boomers, generation X, millenials

Answer 42

Emphasizes the idea that aging is more complicated than simply the measured time since birth Characteristics of life course can vary from culture to culture - E.g. differences between elders in US and Asia

Answer 43

Birth rate: affected by fertility, or production of offspring within a population - fertility rates can be measured by following a subset of a population over time (cohort study) or by examining # of offspring produced during specific period of time (period study) Mortality: the death rate within a population - measured through mortality rate Increase in population size typically caused by decline in death rate rather than increase in birth rate Both can provide insight into health of a population

Answer 44

Fertility rate can be measured in cohort study or period study Three types of fertility: - total birth rate (total fertility rate): average # of children that one woman is expected to have over lifetime - crude birth rate: describes # of live births in a year for every 1000 ppl, often a measure of particular group’s fertility - age-specific birth rate: fertility of women who are a specific age or fall within a range of ages

Answer 45

Death rate within a population Types of measures: - crude death rate: number of deaths per year for every 1000 ppl in population - infant mortality rate: measures # ppl less than 1 year old that die / 1000 live births in given year

Answer 46

Birth rates and death rates fall as society’s economy develops (US, industrialization) Economy can drive population growth in developing countries, such as some African nations Healthcare advances lead to decline in mortality rates Demographic transition: change in demographics over time - population projections: predict changes in populations by examining current data - population pyramid: graphs population’s sex and age cohorts

Answer 47

Relocation of people from one place to another

Answer 48

Immigration: Influx of new people to a specific area, leads to increased population size and density Emigration: outflow of people to other areas, leads to reduced population size and density Push and pull factors in migration: describe distinct motivations for migrating - Push factors: reasons to leave location where an individual currently resides - Pull factors: reasons to move to a specific location (job opportunities)

Answer 49

Attempt to explain the causes and results of population growth Malthusian theory: starvation is inevitable result of population growth bc population increases at geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically Demographic transition theory: links population growth to society’s use of technology, with sequential stages of changes in birth and death rates where technology supposedly keeps population size in check - Fails to recognize other factors that limit population (families choosing to have less children)

Answer 50

Preindustrial: birth rate is high, death rate is high Onset of industrialization: birth rate is high, death rate is low Industrial economy: birth rate is declining, death rate is low Postindustrial economy: birth rate is low, death rate is steady

Answer 51

Group of people who share an ideology and work together toward a specified set of goals - examining demographic groups in various social movements gives insight into beliefs, values, goals of population at particular time - often arise among people who experience deprivation or alienation

Answer 52

Feeling of disadvantage that arises when individuals compare themselves to others of similar status and feel that they possess relatively fewer resources and privileges -Feeling of inequality can spur creation of social movements designed to promote more equal society

Answer 53

Coalescence: dissatisfaction becomes more focused through an understanding of how the factors causing discontent can be overcome (leaders come forward with strategies: general plan describing goals, tactics: describe how the movement implements a strategy) Bureaucratization: if movement grows, begins to meet organization’s need for coordinating procedures Decline: After either successfully or unsuccessfully working toward movement’s goals, stage of decline

Answer 54

Increase in proportion of people living in specified urban areas Strong relationship between industrialization and urban growth - trade with and travel to centralized locations increases (cities grow) - demands of large-scale manufacturing encourage urban growth, commerce increases more

Answer 55

Suburbanization: process of large-scale movement from cities to suburbs (communities located just beyond an official city boundary) - leads to decline in standard of living in urban areas, property values fall and less property tax can be collected - decline in commerce in city leads to higher unemployment and crime

Answer 56

``` Attempts to improve urban conditions through the restoration of buildings and public infrastructure Gentrification: specific patterns in which middle- and upper-class people move to areas of a city with cheap buildings to restore, as inexpensive properties are purchased the quality of life in the area improves and property values increase - Rising property values put economic strain on poor, resulting in tension between new and old inhabitants, causing less affluent inhabitants to be driven out of neighborhood ```

Answer 57

Increased contact between individuals on international scale - exchange of ideas, products, services, and information Factors contribution to globalization: - communication technologies: unprecedented type of interaction unbound by spatial constraints, communication more economically feasible - economic interdependence: corporations conduct operations across multiple continents (manufacturing occurs in less economically developed nations)

Answer 58

Hyper-globalist: globalization entails a movement away from individual nations towards single society (problematic or beneficial) Skeptical perspective: Critical stance on globalization, emphasizing that borders are still important bc individual nations are not being equally integrated into global economy Transformationalist perspective: globalization causes new patterns of interdependent interactions, but outcomes cannot be predicted with any certainty Thought to have fostered international terrorism (social changes in globalization): use of violence to coerce countries and governments to achieve political or ideological ends Also concentrates wealth into fewer hands: leading to civil unrest or disorder due to perceived injustice over how resources are distributed

Answer 59

Unequal distribution of opportunities or treatment of individuals within a society based on various demographic categories - Can be structural (legal voting age) - Can exist through discrimination Can develop through spatial inequality, environmental justice Can exist on global , national, or local level (global inequalities)

Answer 60

Unequal access to resources and variable quality of life due to geographical distribution of population and its resources - Affected by income, unemployment, unequal access to resources like education and clean water, access to healthcare

Answer 61

Evident in disparities between regions and nations in aspects such as gross national product, natural resources, access to healthcare, types or amounts of work available For example, after American Industrial Revolution where most employment in urban centers was factory work, factory work is outsourced to other nations

Answer 62

Equal treatment of all people regardless of race, gender, or other social grouping with regard to prevention and relief from environmental and health hazards

Answer 63

Instance of social inequality on the local scale Separation of demographic groups into different neighborhoods comprises residential segregation Location affects access to transportation, quality of education, availability of goods, health hazards, and levels of crime or feelings of personal safety E.g. race and income level highly involved Food deserts: areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food

Answer 64

System of stratification that groups members of society according to similarities in social standing Multifaceted, tied to status within a community and power (influence over community) Associated with socioeconomic status (SES): defines economic and social position of a person in terms of income (assets earned), wealth (assets already owned), education, and occupation Related to privilege and prestige

Answer 65

The advantage of power and opportunity of some over those who lack privilege Extends to not having to consider social hierarchy, or ability to consider personal identity as the norm E.g. racial privilege, non-white individuals are ‘racialized’ while whiteness remains unexamined

Answer 66

Relative value assigned to something within a particular society Prestige associated with higher social classes varies between cultures E.g. aristocratic titles, maintaining respected occupation, conspicuous consumption of luxury goods

Answer 67

Differ by society, but generally include upper class, middle class, and lower class Upper class: wealth and / or those born into ‘prominent’ families in which titles are passed down from generation to generation - receive greater educational opportunities, work in high-paying careers, influence cultural and political affairs Middle class: members of society who are financially stable, but not extremely wealthy - associated with white collar work: professional, administrative, or managerial - also some blue collar jobs: skilled or unskilled manual labor (working class) - generally have access to educational opportunities (college degrees, post-graduate degrees) Lower class: economic hardship or uncertainty - includes lower-paid wage worked, unemployed or under-employed, welfare recipients, homeless - may lack professional development and educational opportunities to stabilize economic status, higher education less accessible

Answer 68

``` Class system: includes fluidity, possible for individuals of all classes to move up or down the class hierarchy Caste system: hierarchy of society is strictly defined, position is inherited, and movement or marriage between castes is prohibited ```

Answer 69

``` Upward mobility: achieved through education, marriage, career, or financial success Downward mobility: moving lower within class system can result from unemployment or underemployment, reduced household income due to divorce, lack of education, or health issues “American Dream”: young person of limited means invents new technology and rises to new social class - intragenerational mobility: quick upward movement within a generation - intergenerational mobility: children and grandchildren of immigrants may become doctors, lawyers, senators through greater access to resources gained over generations ```

Answer 70

Many like to believe in America that individuals who work hard are rewarded with economic success and upward mobility is the product of merit Meritocracy: society in which advancement is based solely on abilities and achievements of individual In America, wealth is passed down from parents to children, and opportunities available to those children depend on socioeconomic environment in which they are born Non-monetary factors in upbringing affect social mobility and maintain a system of social inequality

Answer 71

Set of non-monetary social factors that contribute to social mobility - influence how individual fits with specific social context - e.g. dress, accent, vernacular, manners, education, cultural knowledge, intellectual pursuits

Answer 72

Individual’s social networks and connections that may confer economic and / or personal benefits

Answer 73

Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next Inherited wealth and difference in cultural and social capital between classes contribute to maintenance of stratified society

Answer 74

Insufficiency of material goods, monetary wealth, and access to resources - Poverty can be widespread in nations - Fewer options compared to those with greater financial resources (isolation or social exclusion) Divided into absolute poverty and relative poverty Absolute: lack of essential resources such as food, shelter, clothing, hygeine Relative: describes social inequalities in which people are relatively poor compared to other members of society

Answer 75

Could be remedied through political struggle Marx argued that for this to happen lower class must recognize itself as a class in class consciousness (collective awareness) - without class consciousness would remain divided by differences and would not act as a class Marx’s theories led to criticisms of those who blame poverty of the failings of the poor themselves False consciousness: failure to recognize poverty as the product of an oppressive class system

Answer 76

AKA Health inequity: differences in health and healthcare that occur between groups of people, can effect prevalence and prognosis of disease - possibly due to demographic categories Documented as white Americans have lower incidence of chronic illness and poor health outcomes Socioeconomic gradient in health: idea that economic status can influence health - higher SES have better overall health

Answer 77

Considers how social factors affect health of population Health outcomes correlate with race, class, gender, and age (mortality differs between sexes) - Problem of differences in health between demographic categories is compounded by disparities in access to quality healthcare

Answer 78

High SES often able to afford more specialized healthcare than lower SES individuals, who are uninsured or under-insured Homosexual man living in homophobic community reluctant to discuss sexual orientation and thus get screened for STIs such as HIV

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Biopsychosocial Model, Society, And Culture Flashcards

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