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Psychology: Paper 2 > Biopsychology: Localisation of function > Flashcards

Biopsychology: Localisation of function Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

Frontal lobe, along pre-central gyrus

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2
Q

What is mean by localisation of function?

A

Refers to the idea specific functions happen in specific areas of the brain

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3
Q

What is the role of the motor cortex?

A

Responsible for the generation of voluntary movements

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4
Q

How is the motor cortex located?

A

Bilaterally; motor cortex on the left hemisphere, controls MUSCLE movements on the right side of the body and vice versa

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5
Q

What do different parts of the motor cortex do?

A

Different parts of the motor cortex exert control over different parts of the body

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6
Q

How are regions arranged in the motor cortex?

A

Arranged logically: region that controls foot located next to region that controls leg

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7
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Parietal lobe, along post-central gyrus

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8
Q

What does the Somatosensory cortex do?

A

Detects sensory events arising from diff regions of brain

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9
Q

What does the Postcentral gyrus do?

A

processes sensory info related to touch

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10
Q

What does the Somatosensory cortex produce?

A

Produces sensations such as temperature, touch, temp and pain, which it then localises to specific body regions

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11
Q

How is the Somatosensory cortex located?

A

Bilaterally; one side of the brain receives info about other side of the body

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12
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal lobes

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13
Q

Where do auditory pathways begin?

A

Cochlea (inner ear)

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14
Q

Auditory processing: 1) Auditory pathways begin in the _______, where __________ are converted to _____ impulses

A

cochlea
sound waves
nerve

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15
Q

Auditory processing: 2) Impulses travel via auditory _____ to auditory ______

A

nerve

cortex

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16
Q

What happens in the cochlea

A

Soundwaves are converted to nerve impulses

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17
Q

Auditory processing: What happens after sound waves are converted to nerve impulses during auditory processing?

A

to the auditory cortex via auditory nerve

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18
Q

Auditory processing: 3) En-route to the brain, the nerve impulses pass through where?

A

Brain stem
Thalamus
Auditory cortex

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19
Q

What happens in the brain stem during auditory processing?

A

Basic decoding occurs, e.g. duration and intensity of a sound

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20
Q

What happens in the thalamus during auditory processing?

A

The thalamus, which acts a relay station and carries out further processing of auditory stimulus

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21
Q

What happens in the auditory cortex during auditory processing?

A

Decoded sound is recognised and may result in an appropriate response.

22
Q

What is Unilateral destruction?

A

Damage to one side of the brain

23
Q

What does unilateral destruction result in?

A

Slight hearing loss

24
Q

What does bilateral destruction result in?

A

Cortical deafness

25
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe

26
Q

Visual processing: 1) visual processing beings in the._____, where_____enters and strikes the ______________

A

cochlea
light
photoreceptors

27
Q

Visual processing: 2) _____ impulses from the retina are transmitted to the _____ via the _____ nerve

A

Nerve
brain
optic

28
Q

Visual processing: 3) Majority of impulses terminate in the ________ which acts as a _____ _______, passing this info onto the ______ ______

A

thalamus
relay station
visual cortex

29
Q

Visual processing: Where do the majority of nerve impulses terminate?

A

Thalamus

30
Q

Visual processing: Where does info pass onto after being relayed by the thalamus?

A

Visual cortex

31
Q

Which hemisphere(s) is the visual cortex located in?

A

Both

32
Q

How is the visual cortex located within the brain?

A

Bilaterally; right hemisphere receives input from the left-hand side of the visual field and vice versa

33
Q

What does the visual cortex contain and what do these process?

A

Different areas which process different types of visual info such as colour, shape and movement

34
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Posterior portion of LEFT frontal lobe

35
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Speech production

36
Q

Patient Tan understood ________. but was unable to to _____ nor express _______ in writing

A

language
speak
thoughts

37
Q

What was patient Tan able to do?

A

Understand speech

38
Q

What did Broca do?

A

Conducted a post mortem study on patient Tan

39
Q

What did Broca find?

A

discovered a lesion on the left frontal lobe

40
Q

Why are Broca’s findings significant?

A

He helped discover a language centre responsible for speech production in posterior frontal lobe in left hemisphere

41
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Posterior portion of left temporal lobe

42
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Language comprehension

43
Q

What will a patient be able to do if they have damage to their Wernicke’s area?

A

Able to speak but unable to comprehend language

44
Q

What did Wernicke find?

A

A patient has a lesion in posterior region of left temporal lobe

45
Q

A03 - Why do Aphasia cases support Localisation of function?

A

A - inability to understand/comprehend speech
C - caused by stroke/head trauma
E- expressive (unable to produce speech) = damage to Broca area
R - receptive (unable to comprehend language) = damage to Wernicke’s area
S - shows importance of different brain regions in production of speech (Broca’s) and comprehension of language (Wernickes)

46
Q

A03 - Weakness of aphasia cases

A

D - Dronkers et al - found lesion in Broca’s area
BUT ALSO FOUND
O - other evidence suggesting other AREAS contributed to failure of speech production

47
Q

A03 - How do brain scanning techniques support Localisation of function?

A

Peterson - Demonstrated how:
B - Broca area active during reading
W - Wernickes area active during listening
S - Shown by brain scans - clear cause and effect
S- Suggests areas perform diff functions which control diff aspects of body. Reading = eyes Listening = ears

48
Q

A03 - Weakness of brain scanning technique?

A

Equipotentiality Lashley -
B - basic motor functions = localised
H - higher mental functions (e.g. empathy) = aren’t
C - claimed after brain injury, intact areas of cortex can take over responsibility for specific cognitive functions
O - suggests functions aren’t localised, as Other regions can take over
S - So, brain is so complex, no one part acts independently, instead, works as a unit.

49
Q

A03- which researcher gives support for brain scanning techniques?

A

Peterson

50
Q

A03- which research gave evidence against localisation of function in terms of equipotentiality

A

Lashley

Psychology: Paper 2 (16 decks)

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