Biopsychology Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
NS + ES-
What is the nervous system?
A
A specialised network of cells, and is our internal primary communication system.
2
Q
NS + ES-
What are the two functions of the nervous system?
A
To collect, process and respond to information in the environment.
To co-ordinate the working now different organs within the body.
3
Q
NS + ES-
What is the CNS made up of?
A
The brain and the spinal cord.
4
Q
NS + ES-
What is the PNS?
A
Sends messages to and from theCNS.
5
Q
NS + ES-
What two sections can the peripheral nervous system be split into?
A
Autonomic nervous system.
Somatic nervous system.
6
Q
NS + ES-
What is the autonomic nervous system?
A
Governs vital functions in the body such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, social arousal and stress responses.
7
Q
NS + ES-
What is the somatic nervous system?
A
Governs muscle movement and receives information from sensory receptors.
8
Q
NS + ES-
Is the endocrine system faster or slower than the nervous system?
A
Slower
9
Q
NS + ES-
What glands are in the endocrine system?
A
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes
10
Q
NS + ES-
What is the purpose of thyroxine?
A
Increases the heart rate
11
Q
NS + ES-
Which gland is the master gland?
A
The pituitary gland, in the brain.
12
Q
NS + ES-
When do the ANS and the endocrine system work together?
A
During the fight or flight response.
13
Q
NS + ES- F or F-
(1) what does the hypothalamus trigger?
A
The pituitary gland
14
Q
NS + ES- F or F-
(2) what does the pituitary gland trigger?
A
The sympathetic branch in the ANS.
15
Q
NS + ES- F or F-
(3) what happens in the ANS?
A
Switches from its resting state (parasympathetic branch), to its active state (sympathetic branch).
16
Q
NS + ES- F or F-
What is adrenaline?
A
A stress hormone, released by the adrenal medulla. This triggers psychological changes in the bony,
17
Q
NS + ES- F or F-
What changes occur?
A
Increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, dilated pupils, inhibits digestion, inhibits saliva production, contracts rectum.
18
Q
NS + ES- F or F-
What happens once the threat has passed?
A
The parasympathetic branch brings us back down to normal functioning.
19
Q
N + ST-
What are the three types of neurone?
A
Sensory, relay, and motor neurone
20
Q
N + ST-
What does a sensory neurone do?
A
Carry’s messages from the PNS, to the CNS.
21
Q
N + ST-
What does the relay neurone do?
A
Connects sensory neurones for motor neurones.
22
Q
N + ST-
What does a motor neurone do?
A
Connects the CNS to the effectors such as muscles and glands.
23
Q
N + ST-
What are dendrites?
A
Branchlike structures, these carry impulses form neighbouring neurones.
24
Q
N + ST-
What is an axon?
A
Carry’s impulses down the length of the neurone.
25
N + ST-
What is the myelin sheath?
The fatty part which speeds up transmission.
26
N + ST-
What are nodes of ranvier?
Gaps in the myelin sheath, to make the impulses jump to speed up transmission.
27
N + ST-
Wha are axon terminals?
The ends of a neuron, which communicates with the next neurones
28
N + ST-
Where is the motor neurone located?
Cell body in the CNS, but branches into the PNS
29
N + ST-
Where are sensory neurone located?
Located outside of the CNS,
30
N + ST-
Where are relay neurones located?
They make up 97% of the nervous system and are typically found in the brain and the visual system.
31
N + ST-
What is action potential?
The charge of the neurone.
32
N + ST-
What is a synapse?
The gap between neurones
33
N + ST-
How are signals within the neurone transmitted?
Through electrical impulses .
34
N + ST-
How are messages communicated between neurones?
Chemically
35
N + ST-
What happens when the electrical impulse reaches the presynaptic terminal?
Neurotransmitters are released form vesicles.
36
N + ST-
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse,
37
N + ST-
Where do neurotransmitters aim to reach?
The postsynaptic receptor site (the dendrites of the next neurone)
38
N + ST-
Is the direction of travel one way or two way?
One way
39
N + ST-
What are receptor sites and neurotransmitters referred to as?
Lock and key
40
N + ST-
What are the two kind of effects that a neurotransmitter can have?
Exciters or inhibitory.
41
N + ST-
Does serotonin cause inhibition or excitation?
Inhibition
42
N + ST-
Does adrenaline cause an ihnibtiory effect or an excitatory effect?
Excitatory
43
N + ST-
What is summation?
The inhibitory and exciters effects are added. If it is negative it is less likely to fire, and if it is positive it is more likely to fire.
44
L of F-
What did Broca’s and Wernicke find?
The location of the language centres within the brain.
45
L of F-
What is the holistic theory of the brain?
That all part of the Brian were involved in the processing of thought and action.
46
L of F-
What is the idea of localisation of function?
The idea that different parts of the ran perform different tasks
47
L of F-
What is lateralisation?
Some of our physical or psychological actions are dominated by one hemisphere of our brains. (The activity of the left hand is controlled by the right hemisphere)
48
L of F-
What are the four lobes the cortex is divided into?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
49
L of F-
Where is the motor area located I think he brain?
The back of the frontal lobe, in both hemispheres.
50
L of F-
What does the motor area control?
Voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body
51
L of F-
Where is the somatosensory area located?
The front of the perineal lobe
52
L of F-
What does the somatosensory area do?
It is responsible for information gathered by the skin.
53
L of F-
Where is the visual area located?
The back of the occipital lobe.
54
L of F-
What is the function of the visual area?
Visual information form each eye is sent to the visual area in the opposite hemisphere of th e Brian
55
L of F-
Where is the auditory area located?
In the temporal lobe
56
L of F-
What is the function of the auditory area?
Analyses speech based information.
57
L of F-
What id Broca’s area responsible for?
Speech production
58
L of F-
Who was the person with damage to their Broca’s area and what word did they repeat?
Tan
59
L of F-
What isi werickes area responsible for?
Speech understanding.
60
HL + S-B R-
Which hemisphere are both language centres located in?
Both in the left hemisphere
61
HL + S-B R-
Is language lateralised?
Yes
62
HL + S-B R-
What is the right hemispheres role in language?
Adds emotional context to what is being said.
63
HL + S-B R-
What are the nicknames given to each hemisphere?
LH= analyser
RH= synthesiser
64
HL + S-B R-
What are some actions that are not lateralised?
Vision, motor, and somatosensory functions.
65
HL + S-B R-
What is cross-wired?
Movement in the right half of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain etc
66
HL + S-B R-
What is ipsilateral?
Opposite and same sided
67
HL + S-B R-
How is visual information processed (in terms of what goes to each hemisphere)?
Left visual field is connected to the right hemisphere, and Right visual fields is connected to the left hemisphere .
68
HL + S-B R-
What dies visual information need to be ipsilateral?
Black the brain has to compare the slightly different perspectives of each eye. This is necessary to create depth perception.
69
HL + S-B R-
Who conducted research into split brain?
Sperry (1968)
70
HL + S-B R-
What procedure is needed to look in to split brain research?
A corpus colostomy
71
HL + S-B R-
What are corpus colostomy’s usually conducted for?
Epilepsy
72
HL + S-B R-
What did Sperry investigate?
How the different hemispheres deal with things like speech and vision.
73
HL + S-B R-
Did Sperry research have a large or small sample size?
Small (11 people)
74
HL + S-B R-
What were the findings of Sperrys research?
When an image was shown in the RVF, the participant could describe what was being seen.
When the image was shown in the LVF, they said there was nothing there. They however, could select matching objects, using their left hand.
The left hand was also able to select and object which was most closely related to the object int eh left visual field.
75
P + FR-
What does plasticity mean?
The idea the brain has the ability to change throughout someone’s life.
76
P + FR-
At what age do we have most synaptic corridors?
Ages 2-4 with around 15,000
77
P + FR-
How many synaptic corridors do we have as adults, and how do they change?
We have half as many as we did when we were young,. Rarely used ones are deleted, and one who were used often are strengthened.
78
P + FR-
What is synaptic pruning?
This is when unused synaptic connections are deleted, and frequently used ones are strengthened.
79
P + FR-
Who conducted research into plasticky?
Maguire (2000)
80
P + FR-
What did Maguire’s research find?
A significantly higher amount of grey matter in the hippocampus of london taxi drivers, rather than london bus drivers.
81
P + FR-
In Maguires study, what was the place higher grey matter was found connected with?
Spatial and navigational skills.
82
P + FR-
What did Mahuire find about the learning process?
The learning experience alters the taxi drivers brains, and the difference in taxi drivers brains was bigger, the longer they have been in the job
83
P + FR-
What is the idea of functional recovery?
That after the brain experiences trauma, different parts if the brain often adapt and compensate for the damaged area.
84
P + FR-
How quickly does functional recovery occur after trauma?
Almost immediately
85
P + FR-
What is axonal sprouting?
The growth of new nerve endings which connect with other undamaged nerve cells to from new neural pathways
86
P + FR-
What is denervation super sensitivity?
This occurs when axons that do similar jobs become aroused, to a higher level to compensate for the ones that are lost. This could gave a negative consequence of oversensitivity.
87
P + FR-
What is recruitment of homologous?
Similar areas in the opposite die of the brain, this means specific tasks can still be performed. States if Broca’s area is damaged, then the opposite area on the other side of the brain will take over
88
Ways of studying the brain-
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
89
Ways of studying the brain-
What does fMRI look at?
Blood oxygenation in the brain, and flow as a result of neural activity.
90
Ways of studying the brain-
When’s one’s a brain area use more oxygen?
When it is more active
91
Ways of studying the brain-
What does fMRI produce?
3D images
92
Ways of studying the brain-
What does an EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram
93
Ways of studying the brain-
How are EEGs conducted?
Using skull caps, and electrodes
94
Ways of studying the brain-
What does an EEG look fro?
Brainwave patterns
95
Ways of studying the brain-
What are event related potentials?
Using a statistical averaging technique to isolate specific brain responses, and removes all extraneous brain activity
96
Ways of studying the brain-
What is the version of an dEEG once all of the extraneous brain activity has been removed?
ERP- event related potentials
97
Ways of studying the brain-
What is the definition of an ERP?
Type of brainwave which is caused by particular events
98
Ways of studying the brain-
What is a post mortem exam?
Looking at the brain after the individual has passed away.
99
Ways of studying the brain-
Who are the likely recipients of post mortem exams?
People with unusual disorders or those who had unusual deficiency’s in cognitive processes.
100
BR: CR-
What are the two things that biological rhythms are governed by?
Endogenous pacemakers (internal clock), and exogenous zeitgebers (external changes)
101
BR: CR-
What rhythms occur multiple times a day?
Untradian rhythms
102
BR: CR-
What rhythms take more than a day to complete?
Infradian rhythms
103
BR: CR-
What are circadian rhythms?
The rhythms that last around 24 hours.
104
BR: CR-
What are two examples of CRs?
Sleep/wake cycle
Body temperature
105
BR: CR-
In the sleep/wake cycle what does light act as?
Exogenous zeitgebers
106
BR: CR-
What is our biological clock called?
The super-charismatic nucleus.
107
BR: CR-
What was Siffes cave study?
Spent long periods of time underground, with adequate food and drink, to investigate his own internal clock.
108
BR: CR-
How many times did Siffe do his study?
Twice
109
BR: CR-
What did Siffe find that our internal clock was set to?
About 25 hours
110
BR: CR-
Where do weaver ask his participants to stay?
In a World War Two bunker
111
BR: CR-
What were Weavers findings?
All participants, apart from one, has a sleep/wake cycle of around 24/25 hours. (The anomaly was 29 hours)
112
BR: CR-
What did Folkard study?
The shortening of their sleep/wake cycle to only 22 hours.
Only one participant failed to successfully adjust.
113
BR: I + U R-
What is an example of an Infradian rhythm?
The menstrual cycle
114
BR: I + U R-
What hormone causes the ovarys to develop and release an egg?
Oestrogen
115
BR: I + U R-
What hormone makes the womb lining grow thicker?
Progesterone
116
BR: I + U R-
Who conducted the menstrual cycle study?
Stern and McClintock
117
BR: I + U R-
What was the procedure of the menstrual cycle study?
29 women with a history of irregular periods. 9 of the womens pheromones were picked up from sweat, they were rubbed on the upper lip of another woman.
118
BR: I + U R-
What were the findings of the menstrual cycle study?
68% became close to rhetorical ‘Oder donor’
119
BR: I + U R-
What is seasonal affective disorder?
Seasonal depresssion
120
BR: I + U R-
What causes SAD?
The number of daylight hours become shorter, so moe melatonin is released in the dark.
121
BR: I + U R-
What is an example of an ultradian rhythm?
The different stages of sleep, which typically last 90 mins each.
122
BR: I + U R-
What are the first two stages of sleep?
Light sleep, when someone can be easily awoken. Brain ways are in high frequency, and low amplitude
123
BR: I + U R-
What are sleep spindles and in which stage of sleep do they colour?
Random changes in the pattern of brain waves, this occurs in stage 2.
124
BR: I + U R-
What happens in stages 3 and 4?
This is deep sleep, brain waves have lower frequency and higher aptitude.
125
BR: I + U R-
What is stage 5 of the sleep cycle?
REM sleep. The body is paralysed, but brain activity but brain waves closely resembles the awake brain
126
EP +EZ-
Where is the superchiasmatic nucleus located?
In the hypothalamus.
127
EP +EZ-
What is the superchiasmatic nucleus?
An endogenous pacemaker
128
EP +EZ-
What does the superchiasmatic nucleus help to maintain?
Circadian rhythms
129
EP +EZ-
What animal did Decoursey look at?
Chipmunks.
130
EP +EZ-
What was the chipmunk study?
30 chipmunks has their SCN destroyed, and then they were observed for 80 days.
131
EP +EZ-
What happened to the chipmunks by the end of the study?
Their sleep/wake cycle had disappeared, a signifant amount had been killed by predators.
132
EP +EZ-
What animal did Ralph look at?
hampsters
133
EP +EZ-
What was the procedure if the hamster study?
Used mutant hamsters foetuses with a 20 hour cycle, and put tissue from the SCN into normal hamster foetuses.
134
EP +EZ-
What did the hamster study find?
Their sleep wake cycle defaulted to 20 hours
135
EP +EZ-
What is another endogenous pacemaker in the sleep wake cycle that is not the SCN?
The pituitary gland releasing melatonin.
136
EP +EZ-
What is entrainment?
Exogenous zeitgebers resetting our endogenous pacemakers
137
EP +EZ-
What are two examples of exogenous zeitgebers?
Light and social cues.
138
EP +EZ-
Who conducted the study which stated that light could be detected by skin receptors?
Campbell and Murphy.
139
EP +EZ-
What was the light pad study?
Participants were woken up by a light pad being directed at the back of their knees.
140
EP +EZ-
What were the findings of the light pad study?
Managed to wake pps up, up to three hours before their usual time.
141
EP +EZ-
What is an example of social cues as an EZ?
Babies, have random at first, babies CR develop between 6 and 16 weeks. Their CR is dictated by the ones their parents impose.
