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Psychology- Paper 2- Key Terms > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A

Only studies behaviours which can be observed and measured.
Believes all behaviour is learnt. (Babies minds are like a blank slate)
The basic processes of learning ga re the same in all species.

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2
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is classical conditioning?

A

The belief that we learn by association

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3
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the UCS?

A

The unconditioned stimulus. This is the thing that creates the behaviour.

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4
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the UCR?

A

Unconditioned response. This refers to the response the stimulus before it is conditioned.

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5
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the NS?

A

This is the neutral stimulus which replaces the UCS, but this is what it is called before conditioning has occurred.

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6
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the CS?

A

The conditioned stimulus. This is wha the neutral stimulus changes into when conditioning has occurred.

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7
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the CR?

A

This is the conditioned response. The conditioned repose is the one in which the neutral stimulus causes, once conditioning has occurred.

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8
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What animal did Pavlov sue in his research?

A

Dogs

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9
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is operant conditioning?

A

Belief we learn through association.

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10
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is positive reinforcement?

A

This is when we gain something positive when we complete a desired behaviour.

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11
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is negative reinforcement?

A

This is the removal of something negative, when we complete a desired behaviour.

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12
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is punishment?

A

This is the addition of something negative, when desired behaviours are not demonstrated.

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13
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What animals did skinner use in his research?

A

Rats

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14
Q

The social learning theory-
What are the assumptions?

A

That people learn through observation and imitation of others.

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15
Q

The social learning theory-
What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Imitation of behaviour only occurs if th e behaviour is rewarded when someone else does it

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16
Q

The social learning theory-
What are the four steps in the mediational process?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction
  4. Motivation
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17
Q

The social learning theory-
What do the first two steps in the medaitional process relate to?

A

The learning

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18
Q

The social learning theory-
What do the last two parts of the meditational process refer to?

A

Performance

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19
Q

The social learning theory-
What does identification refer to?

A

Individuals are more likely to replicate the behaviour of those who they share similar characteristics with

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20
Q

The cognitive approach-
What are the assumptions?

A

Argues internal mental processes should be studied scientifically. Looks at memory, perception and thinking. Uses inference.

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21
Q

The cognitive approach-
What is a schema?

A

A packet of information

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22
Q

The cognitive approach-
What do schemas act as?

A

An internal framework for the interpretation of incoming information.

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23
Q

.

A

.

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24
Q

The cognitive approach-
What do schemas help us to do?

A

To process information quickly, and acts as a mental shortcut.

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25
Q

The cognitive approach-
What are the two theoretical models?

A

The information processing approach and the computer model.

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26
Q

The cognitive approach-
What is the information processing model?

A

The belief we information flows through the cognitive system in a series of stages.

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27
Q

The cognitive approach-
What does the computer model compare our brains to?

A

The CPU

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28
Q

The cognitive approach-
What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of the influence of brain structure on internal processes.

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29
Q

The cognitive approach-
What area of the brain is an example of the use of cognitive neuroscience?

A

Broca’s area

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30
Q

The cognitive approach-
What did CN find out about different long term memory stores?

A

That different long term memory stores are located in different parts of the brain

31
Q

The cognitive approach-
What is a possible future application of CN?

A

Eyewitness testimony

32
Q

The biological approach-
What are the assumptions?

A

To fully understand human behaviour we must look at biological structures and processes.

33
Q

The biological approach-
What is the neurochemical bias of behaviour?

A

An imbalance of neurochemicals in the brain can be mistaken for a mental disorder. (Low levels of serotonin==OCD, low levels of dopamine==schizophrenia)

34
Q

The biological approach-
What is the genetic bias of behaviour?

A

Twin studies are done to assess concordance rates, to see if things like intelligence rates are inherited.

35
Q

The biological approach-
What is a genotype?

A

Actual genetic makeup

36
Q

The biological approach-
What is phenotype?

A

The expression of someone’s genotype.

37
Q

The biological approach-
What is natural selection?

A

Any genetically determines behaviour enhances an individuals chance of survival.

38
Q

The biological approach-
What s an example of a study?

A

Looked at concordance rates of depression in twins.
MZ= 49%
DZ= 17%
Ordinary siblings = 9%

39
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is the unconscious mind?

A

The part of the mind which we store things we dont want to remember

40
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What does the preconscious mind contain?

A

Memories we are not currently aware of but we can access if we want

41
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What are the three aspects of the personality?

A

ID EGO and SUPEREGO

42
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is the ID?

A

The primitive part of the personality, the pleasure principle. Present at birth, and is selfish and gets what it wands.

43
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is the EGO?

A

The reality principle, mediator between the two aspects of personality.

44
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is the SUPEREGO?

A

This is formed in the phallic stage. It is our internalised sense of right and wrong.

45
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What are Freuds phsyochosexual stages?

A

Oral- pleasure in the mouth
Anal- pleasure in the anus
Phallic- pleasure ine the genital area
Latency- repression
Genital- puberty, sexual desires become conscious.

46
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is an oral fixation?

A

Smoking biting nails, sarcastic, critical

47
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is anal retentive?

A

Perfectionist, obsessive

48
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is anal expulsive?

A

Thoughtless, messy

49
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What is phallic personality?

A

Narsasistic, reckless

50
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What does unresolved conflict in the genital stage mean?

A

Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

51
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What are defence mechanisms?

A

Ensure that EGO is able to prevent us form being overwhelmed by temporary threat s and traumas.

52
Q

The psychodynamic approach-
What are the three defence mechanisms?

A

Denial, repression, displacement

53
Q

The humanistic approach-
What is one of the main pillars of this approach?

A

Free will, it is the only approach to consider this

54
Q

The humanistic approach-
Is the humanistic approach scientific?

A

No

55
Q

The humanistic approach-
What is Maslow hierarchy of needs?

A

What motivates our behaviour, to achieve our primary goal of self actualisation.

56
Q

The humanistic approach-
What are some examples of different things in mallows hierarchy?

A

Bottom- food water
Next- safety security
Next- self esteem
Top- self actualisation

57
Q

The humanistic approach-
What is self actualisaiton?

A

The desire to achieve our full potential.

58
Q

The humanistic approach-
What did Rodger’s argue?

A

Personal growth is achieved when an individuals sense of self lines up with their ideal self

59
Q

The humanistic approach-
Wha kind of therapy di dredgers develop?

A

Client centred therapy

60
Q

The humanistic approach-
What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Unconditional love

61
Q

The humanistic approach-
When does a parent create the conditions of worth?

A

When they say ‘I will only love you if..’

62
Q

The humanistic approach-
What is client centred therapy also known as?

A

Counselling

63
Q

The humanistic approach-
Is CCT directive or non-directive?

A

Non-directive

64
Q

The humanistic approach-
What is the aim of CCT?

A

Increase a persons feelings of self worth, reduce gap between self and the ideal self

65
Q

Comparison-
Development?

A

Psychodynamic= most coherent
Cognitive= contributed to understanding,
Biological= focuses on genetically determined changes
Learning theory’s= not coherent

66
Q

Comparison-
Nature vs nurture?

A

Guess

67
Q

Comparison-
Reductionism?

A

All but humanistic

68
Q

Comparison-
Determinism?

A

Hard:
Behaviourist (en), biological (genetic), psychodynamic (psy)
Soft:
Cognitive (choose), social learning theory (reciprocal determinsm),

Free will:
Humanistic

69
Q

Comparison-
Treatment

A
70
Q

Origins-
What did Wundt open?

A

The first psychology lab

71
Q

Origins-
What did Wundt aim to develop?

A

Theories about mental processes.

72
Q

Origins-
What is structuralism?

A

Identifying the structure of consciousness.

73
Q

Origins-
What is introspection?

A

Th e first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind, by breaking up conscious awareness and the basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.

Psychology- Paper 2- Key Terms (3 decks)

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