Approaches Flashcards
Behaviourist approach-
What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
Only studies behaviours which can be observed and measured.
Believes all behaviour is learnt. (Babies minds are like a blank slate)
The basic processes of learning ga re the same in all species.
Behaviourist approach-
What is classical conditioning?
The belief that we learn by association
Behaviourist approach-
What is the UCS?
The unconditioned stimulus. This is the thing that creates the behaviour.
Behaviourist approach-
What is the UCR?
Unconditioned response. This refers to the response the stimulus before it is conditioned.
Behaviourist approach-
What is the NS?
This is the neutral stimulus which replaces the UCS, but this is what it is called before conditioning has occurred.
Behaviourist approach-
What is the CS?
The conditioned stimulus. This is wha the neutral stimulus changes into when conditioning has occurred.
Behaviourist approach-
What is the CR?
This is the conditioned response. The conditioned repose is the one in which the neutral stimulus causes, once conditioning has occurred.
Behaviourist approach-
What animal did Pavlov sue in his research?
Dogs
Behaviourist approach-
What is operant conditioning?
Belief we learn through association.
Behaviourist approach-
What is positive reinforcement?
This is when we gain something positive when we complete a desired behaviour.
Behaviourist approach-
What is negative reinforcement?
This is the removal of something negative, when we complete a desired behaviour.
Behaviourist approach-
What is punishment?
This is the addition of something negative, when desired behaviours are not demonstrated.
Behaviourist approach-
What animals did skinner use in his research?
Rats
The social learning theory-
What are the assumptions?
That people learn through observation and imitation of others.
The social learning theory-
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Imitation of behaviour only occurs if th e behaviour is rewarded when someone else does it
The social learning theory-
What are the four steps in the mediational process?
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor reproduction
- Motivation
The social learning theory-
What do the first two steps in the medaitional process relate to?
The learning
The social learning theory-
What do the last two parts of the meditational process refer to?
Performance
The social learning theory-
What does identification refer to?
Individuals are more likely to replicate the behaviour of those who they share similar characteristics with
The cognitive approach-
What are the assumptions?
Argues internal mental processes should be studied scientifically. Looks at memory, perception and thinking. Uses inference.
The cognitive approach-
What is a schema?
A packet of information
The cognitive approach-
What do schemas act as?
An internal framework for the interpretation of incoming information.
.
.
The cognitive approach-
What do schemas help us to do?
To process information quickly, and acts as a mental shortcut.
The cognitive approach-
What are the two theoretical models?
The information processing approach and the computer model.
The cognitive approach-
What is the information processing model?
The belief we information flows through the cognitive system in a series of stages.
The cognitive approach-
What does the computer model compare our brains to?
The CPU
The cognitive approach-
What is cognitive neuroscience?
The scientific study of the influence of brain structure on internal processes.
The cognitive approach-
What area of the brain is an example of the use of cognitive neuroscience?
Broca’s area
The cognitive approach-
What did CN find out about different long term memory stores?
That different long term memory stores are located in different parts of the brain
The cognitive approach-
What is a possible future application of CN?
Eyewitness testimony
The biological approach-
What are the assumptions?
To fully understand human behaviour we must look at biological structures and processes.
The biological approach-
What is the neurochemical bias of behaviour?
An imbalance of neurochemicals in the brain can be mistaken for a mental disorder. (Low levels of serotonin==OCD, low levels of dopamine==schizophrenia)
The biological approach-
What is the genetic bias of behaviour?
Twin studies are done to assess concordance rates, to see if things like intelligence rates are inherited.
The biological approach-
What is a genotype?
Actual genetic makeup
The biological approach-
What is phenotype?
The expression of someone’s genotype.
The biological approach-
What is natural selection?
Any genetically determines behaviour enhances an individuals chance of survival.
The biological approach-
What s an example of a study?
Looked at concordance rates of depression in twins.
MZ= 49%
DZ= 17%
Ordinary siblings = 9%
The psychodynamic approach-
What is the unconscious mind?
The part of the mind which we store things we dont want to remember
The psychodynamic approach-
What does the preconscious mind contain?
Memories we are not currently aware of but we can access if we want
The psychodynamic approach-
What are the three aspects of the personality?
ID EGO and SUPEREGO
The psychodynamic approach-
What is the ID?
The primitive part of the personality, the pleasure principle. Present at birth, and is selfish and gets what it wands.
The psychodynamic approach-
What is the EGO?
The reality principle, mediator between the two aspects of personality.
The psychodynamic approach-
What is the SUPEREGO?
This is formed in the phallic stage. It is our internalised sense of right and wrong.
The psychodynamic approach-
What are Freuds phsyochosexual stages?
Oral- pleasure in the mouth
Anal- pleasure in the anus
Phallic- pleasure ine the genital area
Latency- repression
Genital- puberty, sexual desires become conscious.
The psychodynamic approach-
What is an oral fixation?
Smoking biting nails, sarcastic, critical
The psychodynamic approach-
What is anal retentive?
Perfectionist, obsessive
The psychodynamic approach-
What is anal expulsive?
Thoughtless, messy
The psychodynamic approach-
What is phallic personality?
Narsasistic, reckless
The psychodynamic approach-
What does unresolved conflict in the genital stage mean?
Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
The psychodynamic approach-
What are defence mechanisms?
Ensure that EGO is able to prevent us form being overwhelmed by temporary threat s and traumas.
The psychodynamic approach-
What are the three defence mechanisms?
Denial, repression, displacement
The humanistic approach-
What is one of the main pillars of this approach?
Free will, it is the only approach to consider this
The humanistic approach-
Is the humanistic approach scientific?
No
The humanistic approach-
What is Maslow hierarchy of needs?
What motivates our behaviour, to achieve our primary goal of self actualisation.
The humanistic approach-
What are some examples of different things in mallows hierarchy?
Bottom- food water
Next- safety security
Next- self esteem
Top- self actualisation
The humanistic approach-
What is self actualisaiton?
The desire to achieve our full potential.
The humanistic approach-
What did Rodger’s argue?
Personal growth is achieved when an individuals sense of self lines up with their ideal self
The humanistic approach-
Wha kind of therapy di dredgers develop?
Client centred therapy
The humanistic approach-
What is unconditional positive regard?
Unconditional love
The humanistic approach-
When does a parent create the conditions of worth?
When they say ‘I will only love you if..’
The humanistic approach-
What is client centred therapy also known as?
Counselling
The humanistic approach-
Is CCT directive or non-directive?
Non-directive
The humanistic approach-
What is the aim of CCT?
Increase a persons feelings of self worth, reduce gap between self and the ideal self
Comparison-
Development?
Psychodynamic= most coherent
Cognitive= contributed to understanding,
Biological= focuses on genetically determined changes
Learning theory’s= not coherent
Comparison-
Nature vs nurture?
Guess
Comparison-
Reductionism?
All but humanistic
Comparison-
Determinism?
Hard:
Behaviourist (en), biological (genetic), psychodynamic (psy)
Soft:
Cognitive (choose), social learning theory (reciprocal determinsm),
Free will:
Humanistic
Comparison-
Treatment
Origins-
What did Wundt open?
The first psychology lab
Origins-
What did Wundt aim to develop?
Theories about mental processes.
Origins-
What is structuralism?
Identifying the structure of consciousness.
Origins-
What is introspection?
Th e first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind, by breaking up conscious awareness and the basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.
