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paper 2 psychology > biopsychology > Flashcards

biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ao1 and ao3 for fMRI

A

fMRI- detect change in blood O2, 3d image
- risk free no radiation, high spatial resolution clear image
- x expensive, poor temporal resolution - 5 sec time lag

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2
Q

what is ao1 and ao3 for EEG

A

EEG- diagnostic tool, measure electrical activity via electrodes. scan recording represent brainwave
- practical use and high temporal - within millisecond, contribute to understand sleep stage
- x source not pinpointed- generalise signal from thousand of neuron so limited insight- can’t distinguish adjacent neurons

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3
Q

what is ao1 and ao3 for ERP

A
  • whats left when extraneous brain acivity from EEG is removed using statistical technique
    -specific and good temporal resolution (better than fMRI)- measures neural activity better than EEG
  • x lack standardisation - background noise 0 to improve researcher would need to eliminate extraneous material
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4
Q

what is ao1 and ao3 for post mortem examinations

A

analyse brain after death, compare dead brain to neurotypical brain
- used in research 0 Broca Wernicke relied on post mortem, post mortem linked to HM memory deficit with brain damage
- x ethic concern, cant give consent, no proof damage observed is due to deficits under review

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5
Q

what is the ao1 for ultradian rhythms

A

-shorter than 24 hr cycles, sleep patters works in 90 min periods, managed by EEG
stage 1/2= light sleep, high freq waves short amp alpha waves
stages 3/4= slow wave sleep, low freq high amp
stage 5= REM sleep, body paralyses, brain still prdouce theta waves, dreams happen

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6
Q

what is ao3 for ultradian rhythms

A
  • have practical value- help know how sleep changes can be age related, older- less SWS Van Cauter et al, elderly impairments due to reduced sleep
  • not accurate for all - Tucker et al stage 3/4 varied in ppts. sleep stages bio determined? individual differences?
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7
Q

what is the ao1 for plasticity

A

age= rarely used connections deleted, frequently strengthened (synaptic pruning)
posterior hippocampus linked with spatial/navigational skill.
Maguire et al - taxi study- greater volume grey matter in hippocampus in LDN taxi driver than control longer taxi driver=more pronounced structural difference

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8
Q

what is the ao3 for plasticity

A

-life long ability - Bezzola et al- 40hrs of golf caused change in neural representation of 40-60yr olds fMRI show motor cortex activity in novice golfer reduced than control. greater efficiency of neural plasticity after training
-research support- Draginski et al image med students 3 mths before/after final exam0 found learn induce change in posterior hippo + parietal cortex
- x possible behavioural :( consequence - 60-80% amputee suffer phantom limb - brain’s synaptic pruning lead to physical/psychological damage

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9
Q

what is the nervous system

A

-Collect/respond to enviro info- coordinate working of organs
-CNS- brain=centre of conscious awareness 2 hemispheres. spinal cord- reflex actions, pass messages to/from brain
peripheral NS= somatic NS(govern muscle movement, receive info from sensory receptor) autonomic NS(govern vital response) splits into sympathetic (increase heart rate and inhibit saliva production) parasympathetic (stimulates digestion, relaxes rectum)

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10
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

glands= organs that produce hormones (pituitary) hormones = secreted into bloodstream e.g. thyroxine affect metabolism
role in fight or flight- stressor perceived by hypothalamus which receives signal from amygala so activates pituitary. SNS is aroused and adrenaline realeased from adrenal medulla. Once threat passed, parasympathetic takes over

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11
Q

what is synpatic transmission

A

electrical impulse reaches presynaptic terminal, neurotransmitter released from synaptic vesicle and crosses synapse. gets taken up by postsynaptic receptor. chemical message converted to electrical impulse
each neurotransmitter specific
adrenaline- excitatory- increase + charge of postsynaptic neuron so more likely to fire
serotonin- inhibitory- increase - charge

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12
Q

what is ao1 for infradian rhythms

A
  • last longer than 24 hrs e.g menstrual cycle
  • rising oestrogen level=ovulation progesterone causes womb lining to thicken
    Stern/Mclincock- cotton pad under armpit then lip- 68% cycle matched odour donor
    SAD- pineal grand secretes melatonin at night until light increase- longer in winter
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13
Q

what is ao3 for infradian rhythms

A

-research shows evolutionary basis- getting pregnant advantageous - adaptive strategy
- x many influencing factors - Trevation et al struggle replicate findings S+M- risk of confounding variables?

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14
Q

what is ao1 for hemispheric lateralisation

A

language centres in LH for most- analyser
RH produces rudimentary words but gives emotional context (synthesiser)
Sperry SplitBrain

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15
Q

what is ao3 for hemispheric lateralisation

A
  • supporting evidence- Fink et al0 LH dominates when finer detail - PET scan show RH active when attend to global element of image
  • x analyser vs synthesiser wrong?- Niessen found use certain hemisphere for certain task but no dominance - no dominant side
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16
Q

what is ao1 for sperry split brain

A

treat epilepsy to reduce electrical storm
11 split brain ppts - project image to rvf then lvf
shown RVF- describe what seen shows LH contains language centre
shown LVF- couldn’t name but choose closely related. Show LH verbal, RH silent but emotional

17
Q

what is ao3 for sperry split brain

A
  • research support- Luck et al - split brain 2x quick to pick odd one out Kingston et al- normal brains LH superior processing ability limited by RH- shows hemispheres distinct in function
  • x hard to establish causal relationship- sperry compared split brain to control but none of control had epilepsy (confounding variable). Epilepsy affect cognitive ability
18
Q

what is ao1 for functional recovery

A

healthy brain takes over damaged quickly after trauma but slows so need rehab
secondary neural pathway activated- enable function to occur
structural changes: axonal sprouting (growth of new nerve endings) Denervation supersensitivity (axons do similar job get aroused to compensate for lost ones)

19
Q

what is the ao3 for functional recovery

A
  • real world app- understand axon growth encourages therapy- constrained induced movement therapy - mass practice affect arm, unaffected restrained
  • x neural plasticity due to cog reserve? Schnider et at- 40% pateints with DFr had 16+ education 10% had 12> yrs. cog reserve affects ability to recover after trauma
20
Q

what is ao1 and ao3 for endogenous pacemakers

A
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus= primary endogenous pacemaker- receives info bout light from optic chiasm, passes info bout day length to pineal gland
  • research support- Decoursey et al destory SCN 30 chipmunks observed 80 days0 sleep wake cycle disappeared
  • x reductionist -research into SCN obscure other body clocks found in organs and cells- still able to act independently
21
Q

what is ao1 and ao3 for exogenous zeitgebers

A

enviro factors that reset bio clock e.g. light resets SCN as influences sleep/wake Social cues e.g. meal times entrained by 16 weeks
- research support- Siffre- no light so cycle changed. Campbell/murphy woke 15 ppts randomly, light back of knees causing deviation in sleep
- x differ in diff enviro - innuit indian of arctic circle have all year sleep cycle even tho spend half year in dark - endogenous more important?

22
Q

what is ao1 for circadian rhythms

A

sleep cycle- 24 hr governed by endogenous/exogenous
basic rhythm governed by SCN. Siffre- long periods dark caves (2mths 1962 6mths 1970s) rhythms settled to 25 hrs

23
Q

what is ao3 for circadian rhythms

A
  • application to shift work - Bolvin et al - lapse of conc at 6 am (circadian trough) so accidents more likely
  • research support- aschoff and wever- ppts 4 weeks bunker no light- all show rhythms 24-25 hrs except one
  • x hard to make generalisations- ppts not represent wider pop- siffre foudn internal clock slower in 60yr olds than young- external and confounding variables
24
Q

what is ao1 for localisation of function

A

holistic theory- all parts of brain involved in thoughts and actions
localisation- soecific areas linked with physical and psychological function
cerebral cortex- motor area= frontal lobe voluntary movement somatosensory area= parietal lobe, process sensory info from skin Visual area= occipital lobe RVF send to left visual cortex auditory area= temporal, analyse speech based info
Broca: speech production, damage= lack fluency, struggle prepositions and conjunctions
Wernicke: language understanding, damage= produce neologisms , fluent and meaningless speech

25
Q

what is ao3 for localisation theory

A
  • support from neurosurgery - Dougherty et al- 30% OCD had successful response to cingulotomy 14% partial response - isolate cingulate gyrus can focus on serious mental disorders
  • brain scan evidence- Petersen et al- listening task Wernicke active Tulving - episodic and semantic memories different part of prefrontal cortex
  • x language localisation model questioned - Dick+ Trembley - few researchers believe only in Broca + Wernicke as FMRI show regions in right hemisphere and thalamus. Language organised holistically??

paper 2 psychology (2 decks)

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