approaches Flashcards
what is the ao1 for SLT approaches
learn through observation/imitation
vicarious reinforcement- rewarded behaviour likely be copied identification with role model more likely perform behaviour
4 mediational processes: attention (behaviour noticed) retention (remember) motor reproduction (able to do) motivation (perform behaviour)
Bandura- watch adult (non) aggressive with bobo doll
19630 adult award for aggression, punished, no consequence
what is the ao3 for SLT approaches
- real world app- children understand gender role via imitate media models
- x evidence from contrived lab studies - Bandura observed children in lab - hit doll as its how u play so natural reaction? children behaved how thought meant to
- x reductionist- bobo doll doesn’t say why boys more aggressive to doll - only focuses on enviro learning- bio approach better as claims behaviour due to high testosterone
what is ao1 for psychodynamic approach
1st assumption= role of unconscious- Freud = most mind made of unconscious (storehouse of instincts, bio drive and repressed disturbing memories)
2nd assumption= personality 3 parts ID (operates pleasure principle) EGO (reality principle and is mediator) SUPEREGO (morality principle, sense of right and wrong)
5 psychosexual stages: Oral (0-1) pleasure of mouth and breast= object of desire (unresolved= oral fixation e.g biting nails) Anal (1-3) pleasure witholding and expelling faeces (unresolved= anal retentive and expulsiveness) Phallic (3-5) experience oedipus/electra complex (unresolved = homosexual) Latency = earlier conflicts repressed Genital= sexual desires conscious (unresolved= hard form heterosexual relationships)
what is the ao3 for psychodynamic approach
- real life app - Freud brought new world to psychoanalysis - employed techniques to access unconscious mind e.g. hypnosis and dream analysis- updated over years and still commonly used
- x Freud relied on case studies - theory based on instense study of individuals often in therapy e.g Little Hans- observations were carefully recorded but still hard to make universal claim based on singles. subjective interpretations so unlikely others drew same conclusion
- x untestable concepts - Karl Popper argued approach doesn’t meet scientific criteria of falsification as not open to empirical testing or being disproved- concept at unconscious level hard to test - theory has status of pseudoscience
what is ao1 for wundt, introspection and emergence
wundt- 1st psychological lab, standardised instructions
introduced introspection (observe on conscious thoughts and emotions) led to identifying structure of consciousness (thoughts emotions and sensations)
what is ao3 for wundt and introspection
-aspect of Wundt work were scientific- recorded introspection in controlled lab so forerunner for later scientific approaches
- x subjective aspects - ppts used self reporting, may hide feelings - Wundt effort not meet criteria of scientific enquiry
what is ao1 for humanistic approach
claims we are self determing - active agents that can determine own development
assumes self actualise- have innate tendency to achieve full potential
Maslow hierarchy - 4 lower levels need to be achieved first
focus on self + conditions of worth - rogers argued to achieve personal growth, individual concept of self congruent with ideal self- developed client centred therapy reduce gap between selves. low self esteem and feeling worthlessness stem from childhood. parent set conditions of worth causes psychological issue for child
what is the ao3 for humanistic approach
- praised for bringing person back into psychology- offers optimistic alternative by seeing all people free to work towards achievement of their potential and control their lives - unlike other reductionist approaches, humanists advocate holism (subjective experience only understood by considering whole person)
- x limited real life app- untestable concepts - client therapy revolutionised counselled and Maslow needs increased work motivation- limited effect within psychology tho - due to lack of sound evidence base?
what is ao1 for cog approach
- study mental process ‘private’ make inferences
schemas - package of info develop through experience , ‘metal frameworks’ to interpret incoming info - more detailed with age
cog neuroscience - study of influence of brain structure on mental process
Tulvin et al- episodic + semantic different side of prefrontal
theoretical model - info flow through cog system in input, storage, retrieval
computer model - concept of central process unit (brain) concept of coding and stores
what is the ao3 for cog approach
- real life app - applied to AI, CBT and improve EWT - help benefit society
- use scientific and objective methods - employ controlled rigorous methods - credible scientific bias - x can be too abstract/theoretical - lack external validity
- x based on machine reductionism - computer model not acknowledge emotion and motivation - not give full explanation
what is ao1 for bio approach
all thoughts, feelings, behaviour have physical basis
psychological characteristics inherited - higher concordance rate in identical than non
genotype= genetic makeup phenotype= gene shown through behavioural, physical and psychological characteristics
adaptive genes- enhance survival so passed through gens
what is the ao3 for biological approach
- use scientific methods - use fMRI to assess bio process - findings based on objective data so not bias
-real world app- led to psychoactive drug SSRI to reduce depressive symptom. - x Ciprani et al found effectiveness varies- bio approach not full explanation - x too simplistic - claim human behaviour governed by internal mechanism e.g. phenotype influenced by enviro - bio explanation is determinist
what is ao1 for behaviourist approach
explain observable behaviour, rely lab studies
CC- learn through association - pavlov - food (UCS) salivation (UCR) bell (NS) NS+UCS paired at same time causing bell to be CS and CR to be salivation
OC- active process, human operate on enviro
Skinner - rat activate lever reward food pellet and avoid electric shock.
Positive reinforcement - reward behaviour
negative reinforcement- avoid unpleasantry when do behaviour
punishment- unpleasant consequence of behaviour
what is ao3 for behaviourist approach
- real world app- token economy
- well controlled research0 done in lab. behaviour split into stimulus-response unit to identify causal relationship - x oversimplify learning- SLT or cog may be better - acknowledge mental process
- form of environmental determinism- ignores free will, conscious decision
