BIOPSY MIDTERM Flashcards
Olfaction - the two pathways of information
- Projects to olfactory cortex, some call it primary cortex
- Contains the preform cortex and regions of amygdala
- Project to thalamus and then frontal cortex
- Project to hear the hypothalamus, hippocampus and upper brainstem
- Mating behavior is linked to olfaction
- Aggression is linked to olfaction
The “low road” in emotion
- provides a quicker response to a fearful stimulus
SCN - Sleep
- Controls “internal clocks”
- Regulates the pineal gland, secretes melatonin (puts you to sleep)
- SCN is active during the day in both diurnal and nocturnal animals
- Tells animals whether or not it is day or night
Orbitofrontal Cortex - Emotions
-The case of EVR
- Baterial damage to the orbitofrontal cortex
-Able to make decisions about moral dilemmas
-Unable to make decisions about his own life
- Lack of emotional response when shown horrific photos
- Behavior similar to a sociopathy
“Acquired sociopath”
Supplementary Motor Area - Movement
- SMA involved in the planning of controlled movements
- Most active during task that can be executed without visual feedback
Primary Somatosensory Cortex - Pain
- Receives information about the location of the pain of the body
- damage or stimulation can impair the ability to localize the pain
Research on the amygdala and fear
- The “low road” provides quicker response to a fearful stimulus
- The amygdala showed an increase response to the fearful faces
- Active in remembering emotional arousing events aka violent crimes
- Problems remembering emotional stories
- Damage to the amygdala, temporal lobes, and hippocampus to the monkeys
- CONDITION FEAR
1. neurons in the amygdala do not respond to the tone
2. when the tone is linked to the shock, it responses more and more
3. lesions to the amygdala lead to loss in the condition fear response
The Prefrontal Cortex
- The most anterior region of the frontal lobes which is associated with an input from the mediodorsal thalamus
- divides into 3
1. Dorsolated prefrontal cortex
2. Orbitofrontal region
3. Medial frontal cortex
Phineas Gage
-Major personality changes after the accident
BEFORE: polite, responsible, hard-working, caring, energetic
AFTER: childish, selfish, impatient, disrespectful, angry, highly emotional
-damage to both frontal lobes, especially the left orbitofrontal
Dorsal - Ventral Visual Pathways
- The dorsal route that passed through the parietal lobes and responsible for detecting the spatial location of objects.
- A ventral steam that passed through the temporal lobes and was responsible for the visual recognition of objects.
EVR
- Bilateral damage to the orbitofrontal
- “acquired sociopath”
- Behavior similar to a sociopath
Anxiety Disorder
- Obsessive compulsive disorder
- Birth trauma, infections and injury can also cause OCD
Panic Disorders
-Stimulants can initiative an attack in a patient with panic disorder, probably by stimulation the locus coeruieus
PTSD
- Smaller than normal hippocampus
- Propanol blocks glucocorticoids in the brain and may prevent PTSD if ad mustered immediately following a traumatic experience
- Treatment consists of medication or cognitive behavior treatment
Visual Agnosia
- Apperceptive
1. Basic vision is intact: cannot combine the elements into something meaningful
2. Damage to the parietal regions (“where” pathways) - Associative
1. Can copy image fine
2. Connot identify it it extract important info about the
3. Damage to temporal regions (“what” pathways)
