BIO MIDTERM Flashcards
CELL CYCLE
-An ordered sequence of events (interphase & mitotic phase) that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into 2 cells
INTERPHASE
-The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. Spends majority of its time in the cell cycle
MITOSIS
- The division of a single nucleus into 2 genetically identical nuclei.
- Mitosis & cytokinesis makes up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle
PROPHASE
-Nuclear membrane dissolves chromosomes appear centriole migrates to poles spindle begins to form (aster appear)
METAPHASE
- Chromosomes line up along middle of cell (equator)
- Aster fully formed
ANAPHASE
Chromosomes start to separate, noting forward the poles (asters)
TELOPHASE
-Chromosomes reach the poles the deavage furrow becomes very prominent nuclear membrane begins to reappear
CYTOKINESIS
-The separation of the cells into two distinct cells
GAMETES
-A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm: the Union of 2 gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote
ZYGOTE
-The diploid fertilization egg, which results from the union of a Soren cell nucleus & an egg cell nucleus
CROSS-OVER EVENTS
-The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis in phase 1 of meiosis; also the exchange of segments between DNA molecule in prokaryotes
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
-Heterozygous= distinctive phenotype
CO DOMINANCE
-2 alternative dominate genotype are bother expressed a.g AB
PROMOTER
-DNA–> start of transcription, promoter infringe of every gene
START SITE
-AUG, translation
STOP SITE
-VAA, VAG, UGA = nonsense codons
ANTI-CODON
-3 nucleotides of TRNA : complementary to codon
CODON
-3 nucleotides (bases) on mRNA
TRANSCRIPTION
-End result: RNA Polymeosise
Ex-mRNA
TRANSLATION
-RIbosomes
=protein
GENE
-On DBA that codes for a piece of our RNA
CHROMOSOMES
-1 piece DNA =many genes –> RNA
MONOHYBRID CROSS
-An experimental mating of individuals differing in a single character
PHENOTYPE
-The expressed traits of an organism
RECESSIVE ALLELE
-An allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for a gene
RIBOSOMES
-A cell structure consisting of RNA & protein organized into 2 subunits & functioning as the site of protein synthesis is in the cytoplasm
GENOTYPE
-The genetic makeup of an organism
GENETIC CODE
-The set of rules that dictates the correspondence between RNA codons in an mRNA molecule & amino acids in protein
SEX-LINKED GENE
-A gene located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the vast majority of sex-linked genes are located on the X chromosomes
DIHYBRID CROSS
-An experimental mating of individuals differing in 2 characteristics
MUTATION
-A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA; the ultimate source of genetic diversity
ONCOGENE
-A cancer-causing gene; usually contributes to malignancy by abnormally enhancing the amount or activity of growth factor made by the cell
DIFFERENTIATION
-The specialization in the structure & function of cells that occurs during the development of an organism; results from selective activation & deactivation of the cells genes
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
- The 2 chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell.
- 1 homologous chromosome is inherited from the organisms father and the other from the mother
