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biophy Flashcards

1
Q

Resting potential exists in
1 point
a.cytoplasm
b.bacteria and yeasts
c.excitable cells and tissues
d.almost all cells and tissues

A

almost all cells and tissues

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2
Q

Electrokinetic phenomena are: (select one or more)
1 point
a.electrolysis and electrofusion
b.phenomena occurring in dispersion systems due to the electric double layer at the interphase boundary between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium electrophoresis, electroosmosis, streaming potential and sedimentation potential

A

phenomena occurring in dispersion systems due to the electric double layer at the interphase boundary between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium electrophoresis, electroosmosis, streaming potential and sedimentation potential

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3
Q

In facilitated diffusion the solute:
1 point
a.is transferred through the membrane up its b.concentration gradient by secondary active transport
c. diffuses freely through the pores of the membrane
is transferred through the membrane up its gradient by endocytosis
d. is transferred through the membrane by a dedicated integral protein under the action of its concentration gradient

A

d. is transferred through the membrane by a dedicated integral protein under the action of its concentration gradient

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4
Q

The theory of indirect effect of radiation on bio-objects is based on:
1 point
a. destruction of biologically important molecules by rays
b. radiolysis of water and action of its products on biomolecules
c. modification of the structure of the bio-objects leading eventually to functional disorders

A

b. radiolysis of water and action of its products on biomolecules

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5
Q

The known types of dielectric permittivity dispersions in bio-objects ( α-,β-, γ-) are explained by:
1 point
a. the inability of the electric dipoles of the object to follow the oscillating changes in the electric field
b. the sequential disappearance of the electronic, molecular, and orientational polarization of bio-objects when the frequency of the current increases.
c. Elimination of certain type of polarization of the object when the frequency of the current exceeds a relevant critical value

A

b. the sequential disappearance of the electronic, molecular, and orientational polarization of bio-objects when the frequency of the current increases.

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6
Q

The Target theory for the mechanism of the radiation effect on bio-objects is based on:
1 point
the existence of structures with increased radio-sensibility, their damage has a fatal effect

damage of some target molecules or organelles when they are hit by a critical number of radiation particles

the ionization and excitation of water molecules and reactions with the biologically important molecules that are dissolved in it

A

damage of some target molecules or organelles when they are hit by a critical number of radiation particles

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6
Q

Depending on the number of particles transported during one work cycle of the transporter protein, the transport through membranes can be classified as:
1 point
transport without carrier and secondary active transport

active transport and passive transport

uniport and cotransport

transport with carrier and transport without carrier

A

uniport and cotransport

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7
Q

With the increase of temperature, the transition from gel to liquid crystalline phase state in lipid bilayers is due to:
1 point
an increase of the number of trans conformations in lipid tails

an increase of the number of gauche conformations in lipid tails

an increase of the number of cis conformations in lipid tails

A

an increase of the number of trans conformations in lipid tails

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8
Q

The ion of which element is most important in muscle contraction?
1 point
potassium
sodium
calcium

A

calcium

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9
Q

The double electric layer around the cells plays a role in: (select one or more)
electrokinetic processes
the stabilization of cell suspensions
the generation of a transmembrane potential

A

electrokinetic processes
the generation of a transmembrane potential

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10
Q

Cybernetic systems with negative feedback programs are
1 point
changing their parameters according to the program

keeping their parameters constant at values given by the program

systems with negative potential

A

keeping their parameters constant at values given by the program

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10
Q

Zeta-potential is the value of the electric potential:
1 point
in the slipping plane

at the surface of the cell

at a distance of Ҩo/2.72 from the surface of the cell (Ҩo is the electric potential at the cell surface)

A

in the slipping plane

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11
Q

Which of the following membrane conditions activate the voltage-gated (potential-dependent) ion channels?
1 point
depolarization of the plasma membrane;

keeping the membrane potential unchanged for period of 50 m/s.

hyper-polarization of the plasma membrane;

A

depolarization of the plasma membrane;

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12
Q

The thermodynamic probability a given state of a thermodynamic system is determined by:
1 point
the number of microstates defining the macrostate of the system

the number of elements that make up the system

the internal energy of the system

A

the number of microstates defining the macrostate of the system

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12
Q

Action potential occurs in
1 point
cytoplasm
excitable cells and tissues
bacteria and yeasts
almost all cells and tissues

A

excitable cells and tissues

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13
Q

Depending on the energy used, the transport through membranes can be classified as:
1 point
uniport and cotransport
active transport and passive transport
transport with carrier and transport without carrier
transport without carrier and secondary active transport

A

active transport and passive transport

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14
Q

During electromechanical coupling in muscle cells:
1 point
depolarization of the sarcolemma precedes muscle contraction

muscle contraction is accompanied by changes of the electrical properties of the muscle fibres

the muscle contraction is followed by a nerve impulse propagating in the sarcolemma

A

depolarization of the sarcolemma precedes muscle contraction

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15
Q

The quantity of Information in a message is higher if
1 point
the message reports about an event with high probability

the message reports about occurrence of an improbable event

the message reports about interesting events

A

the message reports about occurrence of an improbable event

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16
Q

The value of the resting potential is most close to:
1 point
the equilibrium potential of K+

the equilibrium potential of Cl‾

the equilibrium potential of Na+

A

the equilibrium potential of K+

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17
Q

During contraction muscle cells convert:
1 point
the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical work

heat into mechanical work

the chemical energy of ATP into electrical energy of action potentials, which is converted into mechanical work

A

the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical work

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18
Q

The following types of movements are common to membrane lipids and proteins: (select one or more)
lateral diffusion

rotation about their longitudinal axis

transbilayer motion (flip-flop)

A

transbilayer motion (flip-flop)

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19
Q

Depending on the type of their “heads”, in physiological conditions the phospholipids are:
1 point
saturated and polar.
Saturated and unsaturated;
polar and positively charged;
polar and negatively charged;

A

polar and negatively charged;

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20
Q

The free energy F of a thermodynamic system is at its minimum:
1 point
at thermodynamic equilibrium

during the transition process between steady

state and thermodynamic equilibrium

at steady state

A

at steady state

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21
Q

Thermodynamic system that exchanges only energy with its surroundings is called:
open

closed

isolated

A

closed

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22
Q

The singlet oxygen ¹O₂, has two electrons located:
on two separate orbitals having unidirectional spin

on two separate orbitals having opposite spins

on one orbital with unidirectional spins

A

on two separate orbitals having opposite spins

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23
Q

The free energy F of a thermodynamic system is at its minimum:
at thermodynamic equilibrium

during the transition process between steady

state and thermodynamic equilibrium

at steady state

A

at steady state

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24
Q

Thermodynamic system that exchanges only energy with its surroundings is called:
open

closed

isolated

A

closed

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25
Q

The singlet oxygen ¹O₂, has two electrons located:
on two separate orbitals having unidirectional spin

on two separate orbitals having opposite spins

on one orbital with unidirectional spins

A

on two separate orbitals having opposite spins

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26
Q

Equilibrium membrane potential occurs under the following conditions:

through the membrane, there is a gradient of anions and cations, but the membrane is permeable only for one kind of ions.

The membrane is most permeable for cations and for lesser extent for anions

through the membrane, there is a gradient of anions and cations, but the membrane is permeable only for one kind of ions.

A

through the membrane, there is a gradient of anions and cations, but the membrane is permeable only for one kind of ions.

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27
Q

Electric properties of the cell membranes - high resistance and capacitance are due to:
1 point
the presence of an electric double layer around the cell

the lipid bilayer of the membrane

membrane proteins

A

the lipid bilayer of the membrane

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28
Q

Which kind transport process is the reason for the generation of membrane potential (Em)

Migration of ions caused by an electric field
Filtration

Osmosis

Diffusion of ions

A

Diffusion of ions

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29
Q

During active transport the energy produced by the hydrolyzation of ATP to ADP and P is consumed for:
dissociation of the transported molecule from the molecule of the transporter protein

binding of the transported molecule to the molecule of the transporter protein

conformational change of the molecule of the transporter protein

A

conformational change of the molecule of the transporter protein

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30
Q

Depending on the type of transported substance, the active transport is divided into:
transport of K+ / Na+, transport Ca²+ , transport H+ and transport of anions.

Transport of water against the osmotic gradient and transport of K+/Na+ and transport of Ca²+ ions dissolved therein.

the transport of K+ / Na+ and transport of Ca²+.

A

the transport of K+ / Na+ and transport of Ca²+.

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31
Q

The lipid molecules in the lipid bilayer interact by:
covalent bonds, hydrophobic bonds and hydrogen bonds

covalent bonds, disulfide bonds, polar bonds and hydrogen bonds

non-covalent interactions

A

non-covalent interactions

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32
Q

The lipid bilayer is constructed as:
1 point
the two layers of lipids are interconnected by means of membrane proteins located between them

the lipids are arranged in a double layer with the heads from both layers “inside” (facing toward each other)

the lipids are arranged in a double layer with the tails from both layers “inside” (facing toward each other)

A

the lipids are arranged in a double layer with the tails from both layers “inside” (facing toward each other)

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33
Q

The depolarization of the membrane of excitable cells in caused by
1 point
passive transport of chloride ions
passive transport of sodium ions
passive transport of potassium ions
active transport of sodium ions

A

passive transport of sodium ions

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33
Q

The reactive forms of oxygen include:
1 point
¹O₂, O₂‾˙, OH˙ and H₂O₂

OH‾ and H₂O

O₂, CO₂ and CO

A

¹O₂, O₂‾˙, OH˙ and H₂O₂

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34
Q

Liposomes are:
1 point
natural membrane structures

planar bilayers

spherical artificial membranes

A

spherical artificial membranes

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35
Q

The reactive oxygen species are:
1 point
harmful, because they oxidize enzymes

useful for the cells

harmful, because they oxidize and change biomacromolecules

A

harmful, because they oxidize and change biomacromolecules

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36
Q

Diffusion is:
the movement of the solute molecules from a region with higher to a region with lower concentration

the transport of water through the pores of the membrane

the movement of solute molecules in direction against (up) their concentration gradient

A

the movement of the solute molecules from a region with higher to a region with lower concentration

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37
Q

Nonenzymatic mechanisms for protection against free radicals include:
1 point
vitamin D
catalase, peroxidase
α - tocopherol and ascorbate

A

α - tocopherol and ascorbate

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38
Q

Diffusion is:
the movement of the solute molecules from a region with higher to a region with lower concentration
the transport of water through the pores of the membrane
the movement of solute molecules in direction against (up) their concentration gradient

A

the movement of the solute molecules from a region with higher to a region with lower concentration

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38
Q

Muscle contraction is due to:
Binding of the head of myosin to the active centre of actin

Sliding of the actin and myosin filaments relative to each other due to a conformational change of the head of myosin, for which the energy of ATP is used.

Shortening of the actin and myosin filaments, as a result of a conformational changes in the molecules of actin and myosin

A

Sliding of the actin and myosin filaments relative to each other due to a conformational change of the head of myosin, for which the energy of ATP is used.

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38
Q

Zeta-potential is the value of the electric potential:
1 point
in the slipping plane
at the surface of the cell
at a distance of Ҩo/2.72 from the surface of the cell (Ҩo is the electric potential at the cell surface)

A

in the slipping plane

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39
Q

Resting potential exists in
1 point
cytoplasm
bacteria and yeasts
excitable cells and tissues
almost all cells and tissues

A

almost all cells and tissues

39
Q

The ion of which element is most important in muscle contraction?
1 point
potassium
sodium
calcium

A

calcium

40
Q

Phosphorescence occurs when the excited molecule pass:
from the singlet state to the ground state

from a singlet state, through triplet state to a ground state

from the triplet state to the ground state

A

from a singlet state, through triplet state to a ground state

41
Q

The protection of cells from free radical peroxidation includes:

enzymes, antioxidants, inhibitors of free radicals

enzymes, thiol compounds, ions of transition metals

ions of transition metals

A

enzymes, antioxidants, inhibitors of free radicals

42
Q

The enzyme superoxide dismutase catalyzes:
dismutation of H2O2 to H2O and O2

dismutation of O2- to H2O2 and H2O

dismutation of O2- to H2O2 and O2

A

dismutation of O2- to H2O2 and O2

43
Q

Electrokinetic phenomena are: (select one of a, b, c, d, e, f)
A) electrolysis and electrofusion;
B) phenomena occurring in dispersion systems due to the electric double layer at the interphase boundary between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium;
C) electrophoresis, electroosmosis, streaming potential and sedimentation potential.
only A is true
only B is true
only C is true
A and B are true
A and C are true
B and C are true

A

B and C are true

44
Q

The passive electrical properties of bio-objects are:
inductance, resistance and capacitance

resistance and capacitance

resistance and inductance

A

inductance, resistance and capacitance

44
Q

The ion of which element is most important in muscle contraction?
sodium
potassium
calcium

A

calcium

45
Q

Interruption of the peroxidation chain reaction can be achieved by: (select one of a, b, c, d, e, f): A) metal ions with variable valency;
B) recombination of free radicals;
C) inhibitors
only A is true
only B is true
only C is true
A and B are true
A and C are true
B and C are true

A

A and C are true

46
Q

The occurrence of electric polarization in biological objects is explained by:
the presence of bound charges in bio-objects

displacement of their bound charges from their equilibrium position when bio-objects are placed in an external electric field

the flow of electric current through the objects, because of the presence of free charges

A

displacement of their bound charges from their equilibrium position when bio-objects are placed in an external electric field

47
Q

Electric properties of the cell membranes - high resistance and capacitance are due to:
the presence of an electric double layer around

the cell

the lipid bilayer of the membrane

membrane proteins

A

the presence of an electric double layer around

48
Q

The impedance dispersion of bio-objects reflects:
vanishing of some polarization types with increasing frequency of the current

dispersion of light to different colors as it passes through bio-objects

the reduction of the impedance with increasing currents

A

dispersion of light to different colors as it passes through bio-objects

49
Q

The Target theory for the mechanism of the radiation effect on bio-objects is based on:

the ionization and excitation of water molecules and reactions with the biologically important molecules that are dissolved in it

damage of some target molecules or organelles when they are hit by a critical number of radiation particles

the existence of structures with increased radio-sensibility, their damage has a fatal effect

A

the ionization and excitation of water molecules and reactions with the biologically important molecules that are dissolved in it

50
Q

The singlet oxygen 1O2, has two electrons located:
on one orbital with unidirectional spins

on two separate orbitals having unidirectional spin

on two separate orbitals having opposite spins

A

on two separate orbitals having unidirectional spin

51
Q

The electric polarization of biological objects leads to change of:

the dielectric permittivity and the capacitance of the objects

the ionic permeability of the cell membranes

the impedance of the objects

A

the dielectric permittivity and the capacitance of the objects

52
Q

During electromechanical coupling in muscle cells:

the muscle contraction is followed by a nerve impulse propagating in the sarcolemma

muscle contraction is accompanied by changes of the electrical properties of the muscle fibers

depolarization of the sarcolemma precedes muscle contraction

A

muscle contraction is accompanied by changes of the electrical properties of the muscle fibers

53
Q

The theory of indirect effect of radiation on bio-objects is based on:

modification of the structure of the bio-objects leading eventually to functional disorders

radiolysis of water and action of its products on biomolecules

destruction of biologically important molecules by rays

A

modification of the structure of the bio-objects leading eventually to functional disorders

54
Q

Nonenzymatic mechanisms for protection against free radicals include:

catalase, peroxidase

α - tocopherol and ascorbate

vitamin D

A

catalase, peroxidase

55
Q

The formation of free radicals can be achieved by:

homolysis, photolysis and radiolysis, single-electron transfer reaction with a suitable endogenous agent

release or attachment of an additional electron to a molecule

recombination and disproportionation

A

homolysis, photolysis and radiolysis, single-electron transfer reaction with a suitable endogenous agent

55
Q

The double electric layer around the cells plays a role in: (select one of a, b, c, d, e, f): A) the generation of a transmembrane potential; B) the stabilization of cell suspensions; C) electrokinetic processes.
only A is true
only B is true
only C is true
A and B are true
A and C are true
B and C are true

A

only A is true

56
Q

Zeta-potential is the value of the electric potential:

at the surface of the cell

in the slipping plane

at a distance of Фо/2,72 from the surface of the cell ( Фо is the electric potential at the cell surface)

A

in the slipping plane

57
Q

The known types of dielectric permittivity dispersions in bio-objects ( α-,β-, γ-) are explained by:

elimination of certain type of polarization of the object when the frequency of the current exceeds a relevant critical value

the sequential disappearance of the electronic, molecular, and orientational polarization of bio-objects when the frequency of the current increases.

the inability of the electric dipoles of the object to follow the oscillating changes in the electric field

A

the inability of the electric dipoles of the object to follow the oscillating changes in the electric field

58
Q

The depolarization of the membrane of excitable cells in caused by
passive transport of chloride ions
passive transport of sodium ions
passive transport of potassium ions
active transport of sodium ions

A

passive transport of potassium ions

59
Q

The reactive oxygen species are:

useful for the cells

harmful, because they oxidize and change biomacromolecules

harmful, because they oxidize enzymes

A

harmful, because they oxidize and change biomacromolecules

59
Q

The value of the resting potential is most close to:
the equilibrium potential of Ca2+
the equilibrium potential of K+
the equilibrium potential of Na+
the equilibrium potential of Cl-

A

the equilibrium potential of K+

60
Q

Shannon’s model describes the principle of
regulation of processes
transfer of information (communication)
encoding large amount of information

A

transfer of information (communication)

61
Q

As the concentration of ions in the medium increases, the thickness of the diffusion layer of the double electric layer:

increases

decreases

remains constant

A

increases

61
Q

The active resistance of the cell membranes is:

much higher than that the resistance of the cytoplasm

depends on the frequency of the current

much lower than the resistance of the cytoplasm

A

much higher than that the resistance of the cytoplasm

61
Q

The sodium and potassium channels in the membrane of excitable tissues;

are always opened

always closed

open and close with the energy of ATP

open and close by a voltage-gated mechanism

A

open and close with the energy of ATP

62
Q

K+ / Na+ - pump is present:
in the plasmalemma of almost all cell types
only in the membrane of excitable cells
in the endoplasmic reticulum

A

in the plasmalemma of almost all cell types

63
Q

The most susceptible to peroxidation are:

polar heads of lipids

unsaturated fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

A

unsaturated fatty acids

64
Q

The depolarization of the membrane of excitable cells in caused by
active transport of sodium ions
passive transport of potassium ions
passive transport of sodium ions
passive transport of chloride ions

A

active transport of sodium ions

65
Q

Electric double layer around the cells occurs due to: (select one of a, b, c, d, e, f): A) the presence of dissolved ions in the medium; B) the presence of the protein pumps for active transport into the cell membrane; C) the presence of surface charge of the cell.
only A is true
only B is true
only C is true
A and B are true
A and C are true
B and C are true

A

only C is true

66
Q

The surface electric charge is generated by: (select one of a, b, c, d, e, f): A) dissociation of ionogenic surface groups; B) pumping of ions from the cytoplasm to the surrounding medium of the cell; C) the adsorption of ions from the solution.
only A is true
only B is true
only C is true
A and B are true
A and C are true
B and C are true

A

A and B are true

67
Q

During contraction muscle cells convert:

heat into mechanical work

the chemical energy of ATP into electrical energy of action potentials, which is converted into mechanical work

the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical work

A

the chemical energy of ATP into electrical energy of action potentials, which is converted into mechanical work

68
Q

The following types of radiation are directly ionizing: (select one of a, b, c, d, e, f): A) X-rays and gamma rays; B) a - rays; C) β - rays
only A is true
only B is true
only C is true
A and B are true
A and C are true
B and C are true

A

B and C are true

69
Q

Cybernetic systems are:

systems that store information

stable intelligent systems

systems that use information to control their parameters according to a specific program

electronic systems

A

systems that use information to control their parameters according to a specific program

70
Q

The repolarization of the membrane of excitable cells in caused by
passive transport of potassium ions
passive transport of sodium ions
active transport of sodium ions
passive transport of chloride ions

A

passive transport of potassium ions

71
Q

The nerve impulse propagates with the highest speed in:

non-myelinated nerve fibers

the giant axon of squid

myelinated nerve fibers

A

myelinated nerve fibers

71
Q

Cybernetic systems with negative feedback programs are

changing their parameters according to the program

keeping their parameters constant at values given by the program

systems with negative potential

A

keeping their parameters constant at values given by the program

72
Q

The dispersion of the impedance is:

dependence of the impedance on the current magnitude

dependence of the impedance on the type and structure of bio-objects

dependence of the impedance on the frequency of the current

A

dependence of the impedance on the type and structure of bio-objects

73
Q

Photosensitizers enhance the effect of the visible light or UV-radiation as:

they generate reactive oxygen species

they absorb photons and transmit the energy of excitation to important biomacromolecules in the presence of oxygen O2 they produce free radicals when irradiated

all of the ather

A

they absorb photons and transmit the energy of excitation to important biomacromolecules in the presence of oxygen O2 they produce free radicals when irradiated

74
Q

The thin filaments in the sarcomere are made up mostly from:
actin
myosin
fibrin

A

actin

74
Q

Which of the following membrane conditions activate the voltage-gated (potential-dependent) ion channels?

depolarization of the plasma membrane;

hyper-polarization of the plasma membrane;

keeping the membrane potential unchanged for period of 50 ms.

A

depolarization of the plasma membrane;

75
Q

The thick filaments in the sarcomere are made up from:
actin
myosin
fibrin

A

myosin

76
Q

The quantity of Information in a message is higher if;

the message reports about occurrence of an improbable event

the message reports about an event with high probability

the message reports about interesting events

A

the message reports about interesting events

77
Q

Resting potential is
the electric potential of the cell surface

the difference of the electric potential of two resting cells
the electric potential on the outer side minus the electric potential on the inner side of the cellular membrane at rest

the electric potential on the inner side minus the electric potential on the outer side of the cellular membrane at rest

A

the electric potential on the inner side minus the electric potential on the outer side of the cellular membrane at rest

78
Q

An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. How does it change its volume?

the volume of the cell increases
the volume of the cell doesn’t change
the volume of the cell decreases

A

the volume of the cell decreases

78
Q

cell is placed in a solution with different osmotic pressure, and begins to inflate. Where the osmotic pressure is higher?

outside the cell
inside the cell
equal inside and outside the cell

A

inside the cell

78
Q

An animal cell is placed in an isotonic solution. How does it change its volume?

the volume of the cell doesn’t change
the volume of the cell increases
the volume of the cell decreases

A

the volume of the cell doesn’t change

78
Q

An animal cell is placed in hypotonic solution. How does it change its volume?

the volume of the cell doesn’t change
the volume of the cell increases
the volume of the cell decreases

A

the volume of the cell increases

78
Q

What is the tonicity of 0,1 M glucose solution as compared to a solution of 0.1 M NaCl?

hypotonic
Hypertonic
isotonic

A

hypotonic

79
Q

The osmotic pressure does not depend on:
the molecular mass of the solvent

the mass concentration of the dissolved species

the volume concentration of the dissolved species

the molar concentration of the dissolved species

the molecular mass of the dissolved species

A

the molar concentration of the dissolved species

80
Q

What is the osmotic concentration of solution of 0.1 mol/L MgCl​2

0.45 Osm/L
0.15 Osm/L
0.3 Osm/L
0.2 Osm/L
0.1 Osm/L

A

0.3 Osm/L

80
Q

What is the tonicity of 0,1 M CaCl​2​ solution as compared to a solution of 0.1 M NaCl?

hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic

A

hypertonic

81
Q

During diffusion, the solutes flow amount depends on:

the difference in concentrations
the difference in hydrostatic pressure
the difference in the electrostatic potentials

A

the difference in concentrations

82
Q

Osmosis is:

transfer of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region with a lower to a region with higher osmotic pressure

transfer of solute molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region with a lower to a region with higher solute concentration

swelling of cells placed in hypotonic solution d. the transport of water from a region with lower pressure to a region with higher pressure

A

transfer of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region with a lower to a region with higher osmotic pressure

83
Q

Filtration is:

water transfer through the membrane under the action of hydrostatic pressure gradient

transport of the water through the membrane under the action of osmotic pressure

transfer of water molecules through the membrane down their gradient

the movement of the solute molecules from a region with higher to a region with lower

A

water transfer through the membrane under the action of hydrostatic pressure gradient

84
Q

Two solutions are separated by a membrane permeable to Na+ and K+. What determines the diffusion of Na+?

the concentration gradient of Na+
the concentration gradients of either Na+ and К+
the concentration gradient of К+

A

the concentration gradient of Na+

85
Q

A patient is undergoing hemodialysis. The time to reduce the urea concentration in the blood to 50% of its initial value is 60 minutes. How long it is generally necessary to reduce the urea concentration to 25% of the initial value?

75 min.
90 min.
100 min.
120 min.

A

75 min.

86
Q

During haemodialysis, the flow of a solute species through the dialysis membrane does not depends on:

the pore size in the membrane

total membrane area

the permeability of the membrane

the dissociation of the solute particles in the solution

the difference in the hydrostatic pressure on both sides of the membrane

the differences in the solute concentrations on both side of the membrane

A

the differences in the solute concentrations on both side of the membrane

87
Q

In a healthy person, the total flow of water out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid (IF) of the surrounding tissue, that is caused by filtration is:

is equal to the total back-flow of water into the capillary from the IF, that is caused by osmosis.

is smaller than the total back-flow of water into the capillary from the IF, that is caused by osmosis.

is greater than the total back-flow of water into the capillary from the IF, that is caused by osmosis.

A

is greater than the total back-flow of water into the capillary from the IF, that is caused by osmosis.

88
Q

During haemodialysis, what substances can not pass through the pores of the artificial kidney dialysis membrane?

blood cells

glucose

inorganic ions

A

blood cells

89
Q

The flow of water through the capillary walls in the circulatory system is directed:
0/1
from the tissuus into the capillary, along the entire length of the capillary

out of the capillary into the tissues at the venule end of the capillary, and from the tissues into the capillary at the arteriole end of the capillary

out of the capillary into the tissues at the arteriole end of the capillary, and from the tissues into the capillary at the venule end of the capillary

out of the capillary into the tissues, along the entire length of the capillary

A

out of the capillary into the tissues at the arteriole end of the capillary, and from the tissues into the capillary at the venule end of the capillary

90
Q

How the cell is changing its volume …. (A, B, and C), if the surrounding solution is …. (D, E and F)? A. decreases its volume D. isotonic B. increases its volume E. hypertonic C. does not change its volume F. hypotonic
0/1
A-D, B-F, C-E
A-E, B-F, C-D
A-E, B-D, C-F
A-F, B-E, C-D
A-F, B-D, C-E
A-D, B-E, C-F

A

A-E, B-F, C-D

91
Q

Equilibrium membrane potential occurs under the following conditions:

through the membrane, there is a gradient of anions and cations

the membrane is permeable only for one ion

through the membrane, there is a gradient of anions and cations, but the membrane is permeable only for one kind of ions.

A

the membrane is permeable only for one ion

bc (3 decks)

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