biomolecules quiz Flashcards
name the 4 macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
what elements does carbohydrates have
carbon, hydrogine, oxygen
RATIO OF
carbon -> hydrogen -> oxygen in carbohydrates
1:2:1
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
Name the 2 categories of carbohydrates
simple and complex
3 types of carbohydrates found in food
sugar, starch, fiber
Sugar is an example of a _________ carbohydrate
simple
starch and fiber are examples of ________ carbohydrates
complex
organic molecules have in common the presence of
carbon and hydrogen
why is carbon important
- carbon atom is small
- carbon can bond to 4 different atoms, allowing variability in shape and size
- carbon-carbon bonds are stable, which is a foundation for building larger molecules
function of carbohydrates
provide energy and used for structural support
Example of simple carbohydrate
- added sugar in candy, soda etc.
- naturally occurring in fruit and vegetables
Example of complex carbohydrate
starches and fiber
Difference between simple and complex carbohydrates
Simple get digested quickly and send bursts of glucose into bloodstream.
Complex are digested slowly and give a lower release of glucose into the blood stream.
monomer of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
function of lipids
used for long-term energy; others cushion bony parts of the body; important component of the cell membrane
2 types of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated lack double bonds between each carbon atom and usually are solid at room temp.
Unsaturated have at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain, and is usually a liquid at room temperature
Which macromolecule is the most common component in cellular membranes?
lipids
Examples of lipids
fats, oil, waxes
Monomer of proteins
amino acids
How many amino acids are there?
20
function of proteins
carry out most cellular processes; other proteins perform structural roles
What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
Cis have H’s on same side of double bond. bending the same of the molecule. Trans have H’s on opposite sides of the double bond. This results in an overall linear shape.
What part of the amino acid determines the unique properties of each amino acid, and thus the protein?
r group
What are the 3 distinct regions of amino acids?
amine group, R group, and carboxyl group
Type of bonds that form proteins
peptide bonds
4 types of protein structures
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Describe the primary structure of a protein
sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain; the sequence is determine by the DNA of the gene that encodes the protein
How are the 4 levels of protein structure distinguished from one another?
degree of complexity in the polypeptide chain
Describe the secondary structure of a protein
Locally folded polypeptide chain into alpha-helices or beta-sheets. Repeating conformation in a protein; interactions of backbone of amino acid (everything but the R group)
Describe the tertiary structure of a protein
The over all 3D shape and structure of proteins; interactions of R groups
Describe the quaternary structure of a protein
Proteins that contain two or more polypeptide chains
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Example of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
function of DNA
stores genetic information
Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA has deoxyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded
