Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cells to Systems > biomolecules + metabolic biochemistry > Flashcards

biomolecules + metabolic biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the molecular formula of glucose?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does saccharide mean?

A

sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

monosaccharides

A

basic unit of carbohydrates made of C, H + O in the ration 1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give some examples of monosaccharides.

A

1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the general formula of monosaccharides?

A

(CH₂O)ₙ where n = 3/5/6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

triose

A

when n=3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pentose

A

when n=5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hexose

A

when n=6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give some examples of disaccharides.

A

1) sucrose (glucose + fructose)

2) lactose (galactose + glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

glycosidic bond

A

bond that links 2 sugar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide.

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

condensation polymerisation

A

a series of condensation reactions, adding one unit after another to the chain until very large molecules are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is glycogen made up of?

A

subunits of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the properties of a polysaccharide molecule depend on?

A

1) length
2) extent of branching
3) folding
4) whether the chain is straight/coiled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acids/acyls =

A

triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

saturated fat

A

saturated with hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

unsaturated fat

A

C=C bonds within the fatty acid chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

monounsaturated fat

A

single double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

polyunsaturated fat

A

multiple double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cis-unsaturated fat

A

hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

trans-unsaturated fats

A

hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are cis- or trans- unsaturated fats more likely to be solid at room temperature?

A

trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are cis fats good or bad?

A

good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are trans fats good or bad?

A

bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Are saturated fats good or bad?

A

bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ampipathatic

A

hydrophobic + hydrophilic regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is cholesterol transported?

A

lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do HDL do?

A

transports cholesterol to the liver for recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is HDL good or bad cholesterol?

A

good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is LDL good or bad cholesterol?

A

bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Are the heads in phospholipids hydrophobic/hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Are the tails in phospholipids hydrophobic/hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How are phospholipids joined?

A

with a glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

bilayers

38
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

amino acids

39
Q

What are the groups in an amino acid?

A

1) amino group
2) carboxyl group
3) side chain
4) hydrogen

40
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

41
Q

hydrophobic

A

does not dissolve in water

42
Q

polar

A

tendency to interact with water at biological pH

43
Q

How can amino acids be classified by R groups?

A

chemical characteristics of R groups

44
Q

non-polar R group

A

hydrophobic amino acid with non-polar side groups

45
Q

polar R group

A

neutral - charge is not evenly distributed

46
Q

acidic R group

A

negatively charged

47
Q

basic R group

A

positively charged

48
Q

What are the non-polar amino acids?

A

1) glycine
2) alanine
3) valine
4) leucine
5) isoleucine
6) methionine
7) tryptophan
8) phenylalanine
9) proline

49
Q

What are the polar amino acids?

A

1) serine
2) threonine
3) cysteine
4) tyrosine
5) asparagine
6) glutamine

50
Q

What are the acidic amino acids?

A

1) aspartic acid

2) glutamic acid

51
Q

What are the basic amino acids?

A

1) lysine
2) arginine
3) histidine

52
Q

human serum albumin

A

change in direction between 2 helical regions

53
Q

What can facilitate human serum albumin?

A

proline residue

54
Q

P450s

A

enzyme class that metabolises drugs by utilising oxygen

55
Q

kinases

A

enzyme class that phosphorylates substrates to switch them on/off

56
Q

holoprotein/holoenzyme

A

complete enzyme with cofactor

57
Q

apoprotein/apoenzyme

A

incomplete enzyme without cofactor

58
Q

protein primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide/protein

59
Q

protein secondary structure

A

3D form of local segments of proteins

60
Q

protein tertiary structure

A

3D shape

61
Q

protein quaternary structure

A

number + arrangement of multiple folded protein subunit in a multi-unit complex

62
Q

How can amino acids be studied?

A

titrations

63
Q

How can the primary structure of proteins be studied?

A

mass spectometry

64
Q

How can the secondary + tertiary structure of proteins be studied?

A

x-ray crystallography

65
Q

How can the quaternary structure of proteins be studied?

A

synchotron

66
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose to glycogen

67
Q

synthesis of structural polymers

A

glucose to extracellular matrix

68
Q

pentose phosphate pathway

A

glucose to ribose 5-phosphate

69
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose to pyruvate

70
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate to glucose

71
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

pyruvate to lactate

72
Q

G

A

free energy

73
Q

ΔG’°

A

standard free energy

74
Q

What does ΔG’° tell us about?

A

position of equilibium

75
Q

What does a negative ΔG’° mean?

A

exothermic

76
Q

What does a positive ΔG’° mean?

A

endothermic

77
Q

ΔG’° +-10kJ/mol

A

at equilibrium

78
Q

ΔG’° > +-10kJ/mol

A

essentially irreversible

79
Q

What charge does a phosphate have?

A

negative

80
Q

Why are phosphate groups added?

A

1) target for positively-charged enzymes
2) ensures molecule stays within cell
3) redistributes energy

81
Q

hexokinase

A

kinase that works on hexos

82
Q

What is the enzyme classification of hexokinase?

A

transferase

83
Q

What is the ΔG’° of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?

A

-16.7 kJ/mol

84
Q

phosphohexose isomerase

A

same molecule, different arrangement

85
Q

What is the enzyme classification of phosphohexose isomerase?

A

isomerase

86
Q

What is the ΔG’° of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate?

A

+1.7 kJ/mol

87
Q

What is the enzyme classification of phosphofructokinase?

A

transferase

88
Q

What is the ΔG’° of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphsphate?

A

-14.2 kJ/mol

89
Q

galactosemia

A

defect in one of the enzymes that breaks down galactose

90
Q

What is glucose required for to produce?

A

1) energy
2) lactose
3) glycolipids + glycoprotein
4) glycerol for adipose tissue

Cells to Systems (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions