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Chemistry Me > Biomolecules (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Biomolecules (Exam 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Suffix: -ose

Highly oxygenated, macro molecules that are the main energy source for biological function. Uses ATP in glycolysis.

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2
Q

Proteins

A

Macro molecules responsible for many essential biological functions including DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzymatic reactions, and membrane transport

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3
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic structures responsible for membrane structure, energy storage, and chemical signaling

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4
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Macro molecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information

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5
Q

What are the units (3) and types (2) of sugars?

A

Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Disaccharide: two sugar units
Polysaccharide: multiple sugar units

Simple: straight chains. Easily broken down
Complex: Sugars with branch chains (more difficult to break down)

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6
Q

What are the two carbonyl types and what characterizes them?

A

Aldehyde: aldose. Contains an aldehyde group at the END of its carbon chain
Ketone: ketose. Contains a ketone group WITHIN the carbon chain

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7
Q

How are the two carbohydrate stereoisomers classified (D vs L)?

A

Looking at the LAST hydroxyl group (bottom) of the fischer projection:

D-sugar (all natural) - hydroxyl group is on the right side
L-sugar - hydroxyl group on the left side

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8
Q

How is the Haworth projection of a carbohydrate structured?

A

The last hydroxyl group (the one that determines D or L) “cyclizes” onto the carbonyl group to form a ring. The other hydroxyl groups are placed “above” or “below”, corresponding the stereochemistry in the Fischer projection

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9
Q

Diastereomers

A

Non mirror images that have different configurations at one or more of the same stereocenters. At least 1 has to stay the same!

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10
Q

Enantiomers

A

Are mirror images that CANNOT be superimposed on one another

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11
Q

What is an anomeric carbon?

A

The carbon atom in a cyclical sugar molecule that was previously the carbonyl carbon in the open-chain form of the sugar. Also it is now a chiral carbon.

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12
Q

What is the alpha anomeric carbon?

A

The -OH group bonded to the anomeric carbon is trans (down) to the -CH2OH group on carbon 5

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13
Q

What is a beta anomeric carbon?

A

The -OH group bonded to the anomeric carbon is cis (up) to the -CH2OH group on carbon 5

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14
Q

What is an epimer?

A

A diastereomer where only one stereocenter is different. Typically on the first row of Fischer diagram.

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15
Q

What is the basic structure of an amino acid? (3 things)

A
  1. Amine functional group
  2. Carboxylic acid functional group
  3. Side chain: non polar (hydrocarbons), polar (alcohols, amides, thiols), acidic/basic (carboxylic acids, amines)
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16
Q

How are amino acids classified (D vs L)?

A

Right side or dash: D-amino acid
Left side or wedge: L-amino acid (all natural)

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17
Q

What is the termini of a peptide?

A

Beginning ——> End

N-terminus: beginning amine functional group of the first amino acid in the sequence

C-terminus: ending carboxylic acid functional group of the last amino acid in the peptide sequence

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18
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A combination of multiple amino acid fragments. An amide bond linking together two individual amino acids

-Dipeptide = two
-Tripeptide = three
-Tetrapeptide = four amino acids
-Polypeptide = long, continuous unbranched peptide chain

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19
Q

Most peptide structures are linear. When they start to turn, which amino acid is responsible?

A

Proline

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20
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Just the sequence of amino acids

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21
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The fixed arrangement of the polypeptide backbone

-Alpha helixes
-Beta sheets

Both are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding

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22
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Unique three-dimensional shape as a whole
Specifically tied to the biochemical function of a protein

-ionic bonds
-hydrogen bonds
-disulfide linkages (between two cysteine amino acid residues)
-dispersion forces

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23
Q

What is the quarternary structure of a protein?

A

The arrangement of multiple subunits into a larger structure

Held together by the same forces found in the tertiary structure

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24
Q

What is the basic structure of a fatty acid?

A

A 10-22 carbon “tail group” and a carboxylic acid “head” group

Broken down into saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (double bonds)

The long tails are called “Micelles”

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25
Q

What is an Eicosanoids?

A

-Structurally related hormone-like biomolecules synthesized from arachidonic acid
-Play roles in: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
-Act on cells that produce them or other neighboring cells

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26
Q

What is a glyceride and its function?

A

A sugar alcohol. Biomolecules containing a three-membered glycerol backbone with an appended fatty acid.

Roles include energy storage and the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)

27
Q

What is a spingolipid?

A

Central nervous system enriched compounds that are involved in tissue development, cell recognition/adhesion, and toxin receptors

28
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Groups of lipids (called isoprenoids) responsible for signalling various biological functions

29
Q

What are waxes?

A

a type of long-chain, nonpolar lipid that are esters of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.

Found in protective coatings on plants,
insect exoskeletons, and bird feathers

30
Q

What is the basic structure of a nucleic acid?

A

-Heteroaromatic base (purine or pyridine)
-Ribose sugar
-Phosphate group

31
Q
A

Sphingolipid

32
Q
A

Steroids

33
Q
A

Left: triglyceride, Right: Phosphoglyceride

34
Q
A

Eicosanoids

35
Q
A

Fatty acid

36
Q
A

Peptide bonds

37
Q
A

Amino acids

38
Q

Which configuration is this anomeric carbon?

A

Alpha

39
Q

Which configuration is this anomeric carbon?

A

Beta

40
Q

Heterocycles

A

-contain at least one heterocycle
-cyclic ether or cyclic amine
-increase water solubility and bioavailability

41
Q

Is this a D or L glucose? Why?

A

D glucose. Last hydroxide group is on the right.

42
Q

Is this a D or L glucose? Why?

A

L glucose. Last hydroxide group is on the left.

43
Q

Is this glucose alpha or beta? D or L? Why?

A

Beta, D

44
Q

Is this glucose alpha or beta? D or L? Why?

A

Alpha, D

45
Q

Is this D or L glucopyranose? Why?

A

L. Carbon 5 substituent down.

46
Q

Is this D or L glucopyranose? Why?

A

D. Carbon 5 substituent up

47
Q

Carbohydrate classification 3, 4, 5, 6

A

3-triose
4-tetrose
5-pentose
6-hexose

48
Q
A

Nucleic acid

49
Q
A

Cholesterol

50
Q

Name of molecule and function?

A

Prostaglandin: involved in the process of inflammation, blood flow, blood clotting, and induction of labor.

51
Q

Name of molecule and function?

A

Leukotriene: involved in allergic and inflammation responses.

52
Q

Name of molecule and function?

A

Thromboxane: involved in blood platelet aggregation.

53
Q

Ortho-

A

1, 2

54
Q

Meta

A

1, 3

55
Q

Para

A

1, 4

56
Q
A

Waxes

57
Q

The pH where the net charge is zero

A

Zwitterionic (isoelectric)

58
Q
A

Fullerene

59
Q

-Conversion of a triglyceride into fatty acids
-Ester to a carboxylic acid
-process for making soap

A

Saponification

60
Q
A

Purine: a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring

61
Q
A

Pyrimidine: a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the 6-member ring

62
Q
A

Glycerol

63
Q

What is a glycolipid? Function?

A
  1. Lipids containing a bound carbohydrate that are attached to the extracellular face of cell membranes
  2. Membrane stability, intracellular interactions, and can act as a site for pathogens (viruses) to enter cells
64
Q

Lipoproteins (4) and their function

A
  1. Chylomicrons: carry dietary triglycerides from intestines to other tissues
  2. VLDL (very low density lipoprotein): carry triglycerides from the liver
  3. LDL: carry cholesterol to peripheral tissues
  4. HDL: carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

Chemistry Me (6 decks)

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